FeaturesotDNAStructurer Nitrogenous Bases
DNA is a double strandedhelix Adenine ThymineGuanine Cytosine Uracil
Backbonesugar phosphate
ringstructure A G
Purines Double
Center Nucleotide Pairing
Strands are antiparallel
ringstructure C U T
Pryimidines Single
NucleotidePairing hydrogen bonds
5 end freephosphategroup
A T 2 hydrogenbonds
eztendifreehydroxytgro
ee.co 3 hydrogen bonds
Nucleotide Structure
Nitrogenous
Bases
Uracilisonly in RNA
N Thymineisonly inDNA
phosphate
PlasmidI
gropy
Independentfrom chromosomalDNA
5 carbonsugar genesthat are useful in a specific
environment butmaynot be
required for survival
qq.m.am mmasaanne manipulated
doublestranded pmaaay 1
single stranded heh of interestcan be inserted
into plasmidtoform recombinant
eA tandchuandf.tl
G
plasmidDNA
genewill beexpressed
bacteria canexchance
Eukaryotes
genesfound on plasmids
Prokaryotes
DNAin nucleus DNA is in nucleoidregion with neighboring bacteria
Linear Chromosomes Chromosomes are circular
helpswithsurville
, dna replication
DNAreplication is described as semi conservative
DNAReplication begins at Helicase unwinds DNA
sitescalled origins of singlestrandedbinding
proteins preventDNAfrom
replication or ori site rebondingwithitself
variousproteins attachto Topoisomerase prevents
origin andopenupto supercoiling by making
forma replication fork traffitshiheisacthene
primaseinitiates DNA Polymerase II
replicationbyadding attachesto each primeron
primersshortsegmentsof theparental strand and
RNAI totheparental DNA movesfrom 3 5
strandDNApolymerasecan Nucleotidesareadded
onlyattachnucleotidesto 51 3 TheDNAP thatfollows
existingnucleotides helicaseis the leadingstrand
andtheotheris the1999 9
Theleadingstrandis made
continuouslyThelagging
strand is synthesized
di continuouslyfork
andmoves
awayfrom thereplication
It issynthesized inchunks
called okazakifragments
SinceDNAP I canonly add tothe3end 5 end
AfterDNAP forms the cannot befinishedonthe laggingstrandTelomer
Okazakisegment DNAP I
replaces RNAnucleotideswith
areaddedto forma cap andpostponeerosion
DNA nucleotidesDNA ligase
if segmentsof DNA are damaged exonuclea
joinsthe Okazakifragments
canremove segments of nucleotides and
andforms a continuous DNAPolymerase andLigase can replace segm
DNA Strand
DNA is a double strandedhelix Adenine ThymineGuanine Cytosine Uracil
Backbonesugar phosphate
ringstructure A G
Purines Double
Center Nucleotide Pairing
Strands are antiparallel
ringstructure C U T
Pryimidines Single
NucleotidePairing hydrogen bonds
5 end freephosphategroup
A T 2 hydrogenbonds
eztendifreehydroxytgro
ee.co 3 hydrogen bonds
Nucleotide Structure
Nitrogenous
Bases
Uracilisonly in RNA
N Thymineisonly inDNA
phosphate
PlasmidI
gropy
Independentfrom chromosomalDNA
5 carbonsugar genesthat are useful in a specific
environment butmaynot be
required for survival
qq.m.am mmasaanne manipulated
doublestranded pmaaay 1
single stranded heh of interestcan be inserted
into plasmidtoform recombinant
eA tandchuandf.tl
G
plasmidDNA
genewill beexpressed
bacteria canexchance
Eukaryotes
genesfound on plasmids
Prokaryotes
DNAin nucleus DNA is in nucleoidregion with neighboring bacteria
Linear Chromosomes Chromosomes are circular
helpswithsurville
, dna replication
DNAreplication is described as semi conservative
DNAReplication begins at Helicase unwinds DNA
sitescalled origins of singlestrandedbinding
proteins preventDNAfrom
replication or ori site rebondingwithitself
variousproteins attachto Topoisomerase prevents
origin andopenupto supercoiling by making
forma replication fork traffitshiheisacthene
primaseinitiates DNA Polymerase II
replicationbyadding attachesto each primeron
primersshortsegmentsof theparental strand and
RNAI totheparental DNA movesfrom 3 5
strandDNApolymerasecan Nucleotidesareadded
onlyattachnucleotidesto 51 3 TheDNAP thatfollows
existingnucleotides helicaseis the leadingstrand
andtheotheris the1999 9
Theleadingstrandis made
continuouslyThelagging
strand is synthesized
di continuouslyfork
andmoves
awayfrom thereplication
It issynthesized inchunks
called okazakifragments
SinceDNAP I canonly add tothe3end 5 end
AfterDNAP forms the cannot befinishedonthe laggingstrandTelomer
Okazakisegment DNAP I
replaces RNAnucleotideswith
areaddedto forma cap andpostponeerosion
DNA nucleotidesDNA ligase
if segmentsof DNA are damaged exonuclea
joinsthe Okazakifragments
canremove segments of nucleotides and
andforms a continuous DNAPolymerase andLigase can replace segm
DNA Strand
