Pharmacotherapeutics exam questions and correct answers|latest 2025/2026|verified

Pharmacotherapeutics exam questions and
correct answers|latest 2025/2026|verified
#1 Rule - ANSWER-DO NO HARM
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Factors to consider when prescribing - ANSWER-
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Pharmacoeconomics, Patient's age, Education, Disease's and what stage, Care givers, ALL products tak
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en (APAP)
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Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER- B B


What the body does to the drug; ADME= Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion; leading to c
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oncentration of drug in plasma B B B B




Pharmacodynamics - ANSWER- B B


What the drug does to you; MOA (Mechanism of Action), from drug concentration in plasma to drug c
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oncentration at site of action, usually at cellular level which will get you desired physiologic drug effet
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Levels of concentration of drug in the body - ANSWER-
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insufficient response, therapeutic window= desired response, toxic response
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Issues with concentration of drug in body - ANSWER-
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increased/ decreased absorption, too low/high a dose, increased/ decreased excretion or metabolism
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, drug-drug/ drug-food interactions, patient compliance
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Half-Life of drugs - ANSWER- B B B B


time it takes to eliminate 1/2 the total amount of drug from the plasma; good rule of thumb is after 3 t
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o 5 half-life's
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Prodrug - ANSWER- B B


when a parent drug is transformed from the inactive parent drug to an active metabolite
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Therapeutic Window - ANSWER- B B B


the range of drug doses that elicits a therapeutic response without unacceptable side effects
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First Pass Effect - ANSWER-
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when a drug is absorbed and than passes to the liver where it is metabolized into an active product
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, common routes of drug administration - ANSWER-
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oral/ enteral (po), sublingual (SL), rectal, inhalation, intravenous (IV)/intra-
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arterial (IA), subcutaneous (SC, SubQ), Intramuscular (IM), topical, transdermal, Intrathecal (IT)
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PO Route - ANSWER-
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Quick, Easy, and most inexpensive; great for GI diseases; issue= absorption, extensive 1st pass effect, c
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omes in capsules, tablets, elixirs, suspensions as sustained release (SR) and extended release (ER)
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Mucous Membrane Route - ANSWER- B B B B


Buccal/Sublingual (SL), Intraaural/ Auricular/ Otic (AD,AS,AU), Intranasal (IN), intraocular/ophthalmic (
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OD, OS, OU), Intrauterine (IU), Intravaginal, pulmonary/inhalation, rectal
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Topical Route - ANSWER- B B B


creams, ointments, pastes, lotions, suspensions, liniment, transdermal patch, sprays
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intramuscular (IM) - ANSWER- B B B


prompt absorption if aqueous solution, slow absorption if sustained release product
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Intrathecal (IT) - ANSWER- B B B


absorption is very prompt directly into the spinal fluid, thus maximizing the drug concentration in the
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CNS; very fast and effective for spinal block; limited volume, potential dural puncture; used for epidfur
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al pain relief in birthing
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Intravenous (IV)/ Intra-arterial (IA) - ANSWER-very fast circumvents for cross-
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membrane absorption; 100% bioavailability effect immediate, larger volumes can be used if diluted, r
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equests slow administration, increased risk of adverse effects; NO GOING BACK ONCE ITS GIVEN
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Loading Dose - ANSWER- B B B


single dose administered to reach steady state condition instantly; drug plasma level will rapidly decre
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ase as drug distributes from blood into tissue, thus more administration of drug is needed to maintain
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steady state= maintenance dose (administered at a certain dosing interval)
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Elimination Routes - ANSWER- B B B


kidneys are primary excretory organs; urine is primary route for water soluble drugs and metabolites;
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bile/feces primary route for lipid soluble drugs and metabolites; lungs/ exhalation primary route for in
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haled anestheticsB




Measuring Device 1 tsp - ANSWER-5ml B B B B B