BIOL351 PHARMACOLOGY MODULE 4 EXAM 2025
LATEST |PORTAGE LEARNING| COMPLETE
QUESTIONS ANSWERED |GRADED A+
What are some adverse metabolic effects that long term use of
glucocorticoid steroids can result in?
Increased glycogenesis - which is reflected in the symptoms of
obesity, diabetes mellitus.
and
Increased protein catabolism - which is reflect in the symptoms of
muscle weakness and wasting, thinning of the skin, osteoporosis,
decreased growth in children, decreased wound healing, increased
infections, and peptic ulceration.
What are some adverse metabolic effects that long term use of
mineralocorticoids can result in?
Sodium and water retention - which is reflected as edema, increased
blood volume, and hypertension.
and
loss of potassium - which is reflected as muscle weakness, and cramps
What are some miscellaneous adverse effects that are associated with
long term use of steroid therapy?
Androgenic effects like hirsutism, virilism, or irregular menstruation.
and
eye complications like glaucoma and cataract formation.
and
steroid psychosis
What hormones are produced by the ovaries?
estrogen and progesterone
,What do estrogen and progesterone do?
They cause the endometrium to thicken to prepare it for the
implantation of a zygote. It also prevents GnRH, FSH, and LH via
negative feedback to prevent another follicle from developing as body
prepares to accept zygote in the endometrium. They also simulate
ovulation, or the release of the egg.
What is a negative feedback loop?
Hormones released from the pituitary gland work by a negative feedback
loop. This means the pituitary gland releases a hormone that signals
an endocrine gland to release a subsequent hormone. The presence of
this subsequent hormone then signals back to the pituitary gland to
stop releasing the original hormone.
,What is the mechanism of action for the release of T3 and T4 thyroid
hormone?
Hypothalamus releasing Thyrotropic-releasing hormone (TRH), which
causes the pituitary to release thyroid stimulating hormone to release T3
and T4 thyroid hormones. This stimulates metabolism and growth.
What happens when there are high levels of T3 and T4 hormone?
It signals to the pituitary and the hypothalamus to stop thyroid
hormone mechanism of action.
There are two lobes to the pituitary gland, what are they called?
The anterior and posterior pituitary glands.
What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland release?
It releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH), growth hormone (GH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).
What hormones the posterior pituitary gland
release? It released antidiuretic hormone (ADH),
and oxytocin.
, What does oxytocin do for pregnant women who are in
labor? It stimulates contractions.
Where does prolactin act?
It acts to stimulate lactation in women who are prego.
How do drugs work on the pituitary gland generally?
They either act as an antagonist or as a hormone replacement therapy
for patients who are not producing enough of a certain hormone.
What four drugs treat hormone deficiency in the pituitary gland?
Somatotropin, octreotide, vasopressin, and desmopressin.
What is somatotropin and how does it work?
It mimics the effects of growth hormone by promoting growth within the
body. Typically, it is used in children to promote linear growth when
they do not produce a sufficient amount of endogenous hormone on
their own.
LATEST |PORTAGE LEARNING| COMPLETE
QUESTIONS ANSWERED |GRADED A+
What are some adverse metabolic effects that long term use of
glucocorticoid steroids can result in?
Increased glycogenesis - which is reflected in the symptoms of
obesity, diabetes mellitus.
and
Increased protein catabolism - which is reflect in the symptoms of
muscle weakness and wasting, thinning of the skin, osteoporosis,
decreased growth in children, decreased wound healing, increased
infections, and peptic ulceration.
What are some adverse metabolic effects that long term use of
mineralocorticoids can result in?
Sodium and water retention - which is reflected as edema, increased
blood volume, and hypertension.
and
loss of potassium - which is reflected as muscle weakness, and cramps
What are some miscellaneous adverse effects that are associated with
long term use of steroid therapy?
Androgenic effects like hirsutism, virilism, or irregular menstruation.
and
eye complications like glaucoma and cataract formation.
and
steroid psychosis
What hormones are produced by the ovaries?
estrogen and progesterone
,What do estrogen and progesterone do?
They cause the endometrium to thicken to prepare it for the
implantation of a zygote. It also prevents GnRH, FSH, and LH via
negative feedback to prevent another follicle from developing as body
prepares to accept zygote in the endometrium. They also simulate
ovulation, or the release of the egg.
What is a negative feedback loop?
Hormones released from the pituitary gland work by a negative feedback
loop. This means the pituitary gland releases a hormone that signals
an endocrine gland to release a subsequent hormone. The presence of
this subsequent hormone then signals back to the pituitary gland to
stop releasing the original hormone.
,What is the mechanism of action for the release of T3 and T4 thyroid
hormone?
Hypothalamus releasing Thyrotropic-releasing hormone (TRH), which
causes the pituitary to release thyroid stimulating hormone to release T3
and T4 thyroid hormones. This stimulates metabolism and growth.
What happens when there are high levels of T3 and T4 hormone?
It signals to the pituitary and the hypothalamus to stop thyroid
hormone mechanism of action.
There are two lobes to the pituitary gland, what are they called?
The anterior and posterior pituitary glands.
What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland release?
It releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH), growth hormone (GH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).
What hormones the posterior pituitary gland
release? It released antidiuretic hormone (ADH),
and oxytocin.
, What does oxytocin do for pregnant women who are in
labor? It stimulates contractions.
Where does prolactin act?
It acts to stimulate lactation in women who are prego.
How do drugs work on the pituitary gland generally?
They either act as an antagonist or as a hormone replacement therapy
for patients who are not producing enough of a certain hormone.
What four drugs treat hormone deficiency in the pituitary gland?
Somatotropin, octreotide, vasopressin, and desmopressin.
What is somatotropin and how does it work?
It mimics the effects of growth hormone by promoting growth within the
body. Typically, it is used in children to promote linear growth when
they do not produce a sufficient amount of endogenous hormone on
their own.
