WILD 3600 Exam 2 (2025) Actual
Exam Questions and Answers A+
Graded
Managing .Early .Successional .Areas .for .Wildlife .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .change
.in .the .plant .community .over .time
- .Each .succeeding .plant .community .represents .a .seral .stage .(AKA
.successional .stage)
Sere .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-all .of .the .collective .plant .communities .on .a .given
.site
Importance .of ."seral .stage" .for... .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .Habitat .specialists
- .Habitat .generalists
- .Wildlife .diversity
Food .& .Cover
Annual .grasses .and .forbs .(1-2)
seral .stage .1 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-(grasses ./ .weeds) .crabgrass, .foxtail,
.ragweed, .rabbit-tobacco, .poke .weed, .pigweed, .three-seeded .mercury, .burn
.weed, .coffee .weed, .partridge .pea
Wildlife: .
(birds) .
Killdeer, .mourning .dove, .eastern .meadowlark, .dickcissel, .grasshopper .sparrow,
.Henslow's .sparrow, .cotton .rat, .northern .bobwhite, .gopher .tortoise, .RCW,
.eastern .indigo .snake
Perennial .grasses .and .forbs, .brambles .(2-5)
seral .stage .2 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-(grasses ./ .NWSG) .
Broomsedge, .little .bluestem, .other .NWSGs, .bermuda .grass, .bahiagrass,
.johnsongrass, .Desmodium .spp., .lespedezas, .goldenrod, .dogfennel, .blackberry
Wildlife:
Many .of .stage .1, .+ .blue .grosbeak, .common .yellowthroat, .indigo .bunting, .prairie
.warbler, .eastern .cottontail, .
white-tailed .deer, .
,wild .turkey, .etc.
Brambles, .shrubs, .and .trees .begin .todominate .(shade .intolerant; .3-40+)
seral .stage .3 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-(woody) .
Eastern .red .cedar, .Pinus .spp., .sweetgum, .winged .elm, .persimmon, .redbud,
.green .ash, .red .maple, .yellow .poplar, .Blackberries, .Japanese .honeysuckle,
.trumpet .creeper
Wildlife:
Deer, .turkeys, .eastern .box .turtle, .timber .rattlesnake, .brown .thrasher, .eastern
.towhee, .white-eyed .vireo, .yellow-breasted .chat
Longer .lived .tree .species .(may .last .>100 .y)
seral .stage .4 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Oaks, .hickories, .maples, .yellow-poplar,
.sweetgum .
Blueberry .and .huckleberryUnderstory .depends .on .disturbance .(or .lack .thereof)
Wildlife
Many .in .stage .3, .+
red-eyed .vireo, .red-tailed .hawk, .eastern .wood .rat, .southern .flying .squirrel,
.many .salamanders, .
chipmunks .and .
gray .squirrels
Tree .species .able .to .regenerate .in .shade(requires .100+ .y .to .develop)
seral .stage .5 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-American .beech, .sugar .maple, .eastern
.hemlock, .oaks, .yellow .poplar .
-Midstory .of .shade .tolerant .species
-Understory .of .shade .tolerant .forbs, .ferns, .and .sedges
WildlifeBlue-gray .gnatchatcher, .cerulean .warbler, .ruffed .grouse,summer
.tanager, .timber .rattlesnake, .plus .those .from .stage .4
What .is .an .early .successional .area .(E.S) .? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .Places .where
.E.S. .plants .dominate!
- .Have .less .than .30% .canopy .coverage, .but .most .have
much .less
Common .Types .of .E.S. .Areas .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .Old-fields
- .Abandoned .agricultural .fields
- .Odd-areas
- .Grasslands
- .Savannas
- .Native .Warm .Season .Grass .(NWSG) .plantings
Why .all .the .fuss .about .NWSGs? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .Major .component .of
.E.S. .communities.
- .cover .they .provide, .mostly .for .birds
, - .Little .value .as .food .source
.Open .structure .at .ground .level:
- .Facilitates .movement .and .feeding
- .Reduces .time .spent .moving/feeding
- .Reduces .exposure .to .the .elements .and .predators
NWSGs .also .used .for .nesting .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-May .also .remain .erect .into
.following .growing .season
- .reduces .thatch .build-up
- .nest .sites:
• .Henslow's .and .field .sparrows
• .Dickcissels
• .Indigo .buntings
We .aren't .growing .grass, .but .it .is .an .important .component.. .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-50% .grass .coverage .optimum .for .most .spp. .reliant .on .this .cover .type
Other .half .of .vegetative .cover .should .be .forbs .and .scattered .shrubs
Breaking .the .Planting .Mindset .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Planting .NWSG .used .to .be
.pushed .by .biologists
Conservation .Reserve .Program .(CRP)
Resulted .in:
- .Wasted .money
- .Reduced .habitat .quality
- .Problems .with .invasives
An .Alternative .Approach... .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Kill .what .you .don't .want, .and
.leave .what .you .do .want!
Establishing .E.S. .Areas: .Step .1 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Evaluate .the .seedbank!
In .many .cases, .planting .is .not .necessary
Typical .conversion .scenarios .encountered:
Exotic .cool-season .grass
Exotic .warm-season .grass
Crop .field
Existing .forest
Converting .exotic-cool .season .grass .> .NWSGs .and .forbs .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
Common .species .
- .tall .fescue, .orchard .grass
1) .Burn, .hay, .graze, .or .mow .the .field .in .early .October!
2) .Allow .to .regrow .to .6-10" .tall
3) .Apply .1-2 .qts./ac. .of .glyphosate
4) .Burn .again .or .disk .(same .fall) .to .stimulate .seedbank .once .cool .season .grass
.is .browned
Exam Questions and Answers A+
Graded
Managing .Early .Successional .Areas .for .Wildlife .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .change
.in .the .plant .community .over .time
- .Each .succeeding .plant .community .represents .a .seral .stage .(AKA
.successional .stage)
Sere .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-all .of .the .collective .plant .communities .on .a .given
.site
Importance .of ."seral .stage" .for... .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .Habitat .specialists
- .Habitat .generalists
- .Wildlife .diversity
Food .& .Cover
Annual .grasses .and .forbs .(1-2)
seral .stage .1 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-(grasses ./ .weeds) .crabgrass, .foxtail,
.ragweed, .rabbit-tobacco, .poke .weed, .pigweed, .three-seeded .mercury, .burn
.weed, .coffee .weed, .partridge .pea
Wildlife: .
(birds) .
Killdeer, .mourning .dove, .eastern .meadowlark, .dickcissel, .grasshopper .sparrow,
.Henslow's .sparrow, .cotton .rat, .northern .bobwhite, .gopher .tortoise, .RCW,
.eastern .indigo .snake
Perennial .grasses .and .forbs, .brambles .(2-5)
seral .stage .2 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-(grasses ./ .NWSG) .
Broomsedge, .little .bluestem, .other .NWSGs, .bermuda .grass, .bahiagrass,
.johnsongrass, .Desmodium .spp., .lespedezas, .goldenrod, .dogfennel, .blackberry
Wildlife:
Many .of .stage .1, .+ .blue .grosbeak, .common .yellowthroat, .indigo .bunting, .prairie
.warbler, .eastern .cottontail, .
white-tailed .deer, .
,wild .turkey, .etc.
Brambles, .shrubs, .and .trees .begin .todominate .(shade .intolerant; .3-40+)
seral .stage .3 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-(woody) .
Eastern .red .cedar, .Pinus .spp., .sweetgum, .winged .elm, .persimmon, .redbud,
.green .ash, .red .maple, .yellow .poplar, .Blackberries, .Japanese .honeysuckle,
.trumpet .creeper
Wildlife:
Deer, .turkeys, .eastern .box .turtle, .timber .rattlesnake, .brown .thrasher, .eastern
.towhee, .white-eyed .vireo, .yellow-breasted .chat
Longer .lived .tree .species .(may .last .>100 .y)
seral .stage .4 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Oaks, .hickories, .maples, .yellow-poplar,
.sweetgum .
Blueberry .and .huckleberryUnderstory .depends .on .disturbance .(or .lack .thereof)
Wildlife
Many .in .stage .3, .+
red-eyed .vireo, .red-tailed .hawk, .eastern .wood .rat, .southern .flying .squirrel,
.many .salamanders, .
chipmunks .and .
gray .squirrels
Tree .species .able .to .regenerate .in .shade(requires .100+ .y .to .develop)
seral .stage .5 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-American .beech, .sugar .maple, .eastern
.hemlock, .oaks, .yellow .poplar .
-Midstory .of .shade .tolerant .species
-Understory .of .shade .tolerant .forbs, .ferns, .and .sedges
WildlifeBlue-gray .gnatchatcher, .cerulean .warbler, .ruffed .grouse,summer
.tanager, .timber .rattlesnake, .plus .those .from .stage .4
What .is .an .early .successional .area .(E.S) .? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .Places .where
.E.S. .plants .dominate!
- .Have .less .than .30% .canopy .coverage, .but .most .have
much .less
Common .Types .of .E.S. .Areas .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .Old-fields
- .Abandoned .agricultural .fields
- .Odd-areas
- .Grasslands
- .Savannas
- .Native .Warm .Season .Grass .(NWSG) .plantings
Why .all .the .fuss .about .NWSGs? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .Major .component .of
.E.S. .communities.
- .cover .they .provide, .mostly .for .birds
, - .Little .value .as .food .source
.Open .structure .at .ground .level:
- .Facilitates .movement .and .feeding
- .Reduces .time .spent .moving/feeding
- .Reduces .exposure .to .the .elements .and .predators
NWSGs .also .used .for .nesting .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-May .also .remain .erect .into
.following .growing .season
- .reduces .thatch .build-up
- .nest .sites:
• .Henslow's .and .field .sparrows
• .Dickcissels
• .Indigo .buntings
We .aren't .growing .grass, .but .it .is .an .important .component.. .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-50% .grass .coverage .optimum .for .most .spp. .reliant .on .this .cover .type
Other .half .of .vegetative .cover .should .be .forbs .and .scattered .shrubs
Breaking .the .Planting .Mindset .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Planting .NWSG .used .to .be
.pushed .by .biologists
Conservation .Reserve .Program .(CRP)
Resulted .in:
- .Wasted .money
- .Reduced .habitat .quality
- .Problems .with .invasives
An .Alternative .Approach... .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Kill .what .you .don't .want, .and
.leave .what .you .do .want!
Establishing .E.S. .Areas: .Step .1 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Evaluate .the .seedbank!
In .many .cases, .planting .is .not .necessary
Typical .conversion .scenarios .encountered:
Exotic .cool-season .grass
Exotic .warm-season .grass
Crop .field
Existing .forest
Converting .exotic-cool .season .grass .> .NWSGs .and .forbs .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
Common .species .
- .tall .fescue, .orchard .grass
1) .Burn, .hay, .graze, .or .mow .the .field .in .early .October!
2) .Allow .to .regrow .to .6-10" .tall
3) .Apply .1-2 .qts./ac. .of .glyphosate
4) .Burn .again .or .disk .(same .fall) .to .stimulate .seedbank .once .cool .season .grass
.is .browned
