Page |1
BIOD 331 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ALL MODULES 2025/2026
WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
|ALREADY GRADED A+|
What is the most important active transport system and why is it
important? - ANSWER-The sodium-potassium-ATPase pump is
the most important active transport system. The removal of
sodium and the replacement with potassium causes the cell to
maintain its structural integrity. If sodium remained in the cell, the
cell would swell and die.
Define endocytosis. - ANSWER-Endocytosis is the process by
which a cell takes in substances from outside itself by engulfing
them in a vesicle (such as nutrients or pathogens that immune
cells engulf and destroy).
What is pinocytosis? - ANSWER-Pinocytosis is "cell drinking",
where the cell engulfs small solid or fluid particles such as
proteins and electrolytes.
What is phagocytosis? - ANSWER-Phagocytosis means "cell
eating" where the membrane engulfs then kills microorganisms or
other molecules. Once the particle is enclosed, a phagosome is
formed and it moved into the cytoplasm where a lysosome meets
it to be destroyed. (think: white blood cells, leukocytes)
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Why are ion channels necessary? - ANSWER-Ions are unable to
cross the cell membrane due to the arrangement of hydrophilic
heads and hydrophobic tails in the lipid bilayer. In order to cross
the membrane, they must interact with membrane receptors.
What is primary active transport? - ANSWER-ATP is used directly
to transport the substance
What is secondary active transport? - ANSWER-Energy is derived
from the primary active transport of one substance, usually
sodium, for the cotransport of a second substance
What develops when sodium leaves the cell by primary active
transport? - ANSWER-A concentration gradient.
What are the two groups of secondary active transport? -
ANSWER-Cotransport and counter transport
What is cotransport? - ANSWER-Cotransport or symport systems
consist of sodium ions and the solute being transported in the
same direction. An example of cotransport occurs in the intestine
in which the absorption of glucose and amino acids is paired with
sodium transport.
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What is counter transport? - ANSWER-Counter-transport or
antiport systems has sodium ions and the solute being
transported in the opposite direction
What are membrane potentials? - ANSWER-Membrane potentials
are the difference in voltage between the inside and outside of a
cell. They are needed to generate nerve impulses or action
potentials and muscular contractions. In other cells, changes in
the membrane potential can cause hormone secretion.
What is epithelial tissue and its characteristics? - ANSWER-
Epithelial tissue: covers body's outer surface, lines inner surfaces,
and forms glandular tissue. It is avascular and draws oxygen and
nutrients from capillaries of the connective tissue on which it
rests.
What is connective tissue and its characteristics? - ANSWER-
Connective tissue: produces extracellular matrix that supports and
holds tissues together. Two categories are connective tissue
proper (consisting of loose, adipose, reticular, and dense
connective tissues) and specialized connective tissue, which
includes cartilage and bone
What is muscle tissue? - ANSWER-Muscle tissue: moves the
skeletal structures, pumps blood through the heart. Three types:
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
BIOD 331 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ALL MODULES 2025/2026
WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
|ALREADY GRADED A+|
What is the most important active transport system and why is it
important? - ANSWER-The sodium-potassium-ATPase pump is
the most important active transport system. The removal of
sodium and the replacement with potassium causes the cell to
maintain its structural integrity. If sodium remained in the cell, the
cell would swell and die.
Define endocytosis. - ANSWER-Endocytosis is the process by
which a cell takes in substances from outside itself by engulfing
them in a vesicle (such as nutrients or pathogens that immune
cells engulf and destroy).
What is pinocytosis? - ANSWER-Pinocytosis is "cell drinking",
where the cell engulfs small solid or fluid particles such as
proteins and electrolytes.
What is phagocytosis? - ANSWER-Phagocytosis means "cell
eating" where the membrane engulfs then kills microorganisms or
other molecules. Once the particle is enclosed, a phagosome is
formed and it moved into the cytoplasm where a lysosome meets
it to be destroyed. (think: white blood cells, leukocytes)
, Page |2
Why are ion channels necessary? - ANSWER-Ions are unable to
cross the cell membrane due to the arrangement of hydrophilic
heads and hydrophobic tails in the lipid bilayer. In order to cross
the membrane, they must interact with membrane receptors.
What is primary active transport? - ANSWER-ATP is used directly
to transport the substance
What is secondary active transport? - ANSWER-Energy is derived
from the primary active transport of one substance, usually
sodium, for the cotransport of a second substance
What develops when sodium leaves the cell by primary active
transport? - ANSWER-A concentration gradient.
What are the two groups of secondary active transport? -
ANSWER-Cotransport and counter transport
What is cotransport? - ANSWER-Cotransport or symport systems
consist of sodium ions and the solute being transported in the
same direction. An example of cotransport occurs in the intestine
in which the absorption of glucose and amino acids is paired with
sodium transport.
, Page |3
What is counter transport? - ANSWER-Counter-transport or
antiport systems has sodium ions and the solute being
transported in the opposite direction
What are membrane potentials? - ANSWER-Membrane potentials
are the difference in voltage between the inside and outside of a
cell. They are needed to generate nerve impulses or action
potentials and muscular contractions. In other cells, changes in
the membrane potential can cause hormone secretion.
What is epithelial tissue and its characteristics? - ANSWER-
Epithelial tissue: covers body's outer surface, lines inner surfaces,
and forms glandular tissue. It is avascular and draws oxygen and
nutrients from capillaries of the connective tissue on which it
rests.
What is connective tissue and its characteristics? - ANSWER-
Connective tissue: produces extracellular matrix that supports and
holds tissues together. Two categories are connective tissue
proper (consisting of loose, adipose, reticular, and dense
connective tissues) and specialized connective tissue, which
includes cartilage and bone
What is muscle tissue? - ANSWER-Muscle tissue: moves the
skeletal structures, pumps blood through the heart. Three types:
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
