TEST BANK for Kuby Immunology with Covid-
1 1 1 1 1 1
19 & Digital Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Judy O
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
wen; Jenni Punt; Patricia Jones
1 1 1 1
Complete Chapters 1- 1 1
21| Verified Q&As for Exam Preparation| All Figures Included|
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A+ PASS GUARANTEED
1 1
, Chapter 01 1
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
specific antibodies develop were the instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the two differ?
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Which was ultimately shown to be CORRECT?
1 1 1 1 1 1
CORRECT ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an antigen, the c
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ell becomes activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of the receptor). The instr
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
uctional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The selective theory was shown to
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
be correct.
1
2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explain how se
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
rendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CORRECT ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. He challeng
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ed groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—
1 1 1 1 1 1
some of which were previously exposed to an attenuated version of cholera bacteria. Only the previously ex
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
posed animals were protected from a new challenge, which led to the use of weakened pathogens as vaccine
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
s.
3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a potential bi
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
oterrorism threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended. As p
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
opulations continued to grow over time, an ever- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
increasing percentage of the human population remains unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible to the dise
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ase.
4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the rising incide
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
nce of autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to observe in the rate of autism
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
once thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
1 1 1 1 1 1
CORRECT ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, cases of au
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
tism continued to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continued use of
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CORRECT ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention. Antibioti
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
c treatment is not foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vaccines are a preven
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
tative measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease control measures.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
,6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why do I need
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
the flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of immunology, how wo
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
uld you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support your answer.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CORRECT ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year -
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1as a result, a new flu vaccine must be prepared each year based on a predication of the most common forms
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
of the virus likely to be encountered. Vaccines are specific in the type of pathogen against which they protec
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
t, and protection against one type does not guarantee protection against pathogens that are closely-related.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors during the d
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
evelopment of B cells. 1 1 1
CORRECT ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathogens as th
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ey evolve. A drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize and target host antige
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ns.
8. A portion of our immune systems' white blood cells is constantly circulating throughout the body via cir
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
culation and lymphatics. What is the benefit of such circulation?
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CORRECT ANSWER: The circulation of the white blood cells allows for a more comprehensive surveillan
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ce of the body for the presence of potential pathogens. A significant portion of the human body is constantly
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
exposed to potential microbial pathogens.
1 1 1 1
9. Complete the following table by comparing and contrasting innate and adaptive immune responses.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Innate Immunity 1
Adaptive Immunity 1
1 Is mediated by what cells?
1 1 1 1
What do they recognize? 1 1 1
How are the receptors encoded?
1 1 1 1
Why can't they control all infections alone? What
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 do they do in response to antigen?
1 1 1 1 1 1
, CORRECT ANSWER: 1
Innate Immunity 1
Adaptive 1
Immunity
Macrophages, NK cel 1 1
Is mediated by
1 1 1 T cells and B
1 1 1 1
ls, neutrophils, mast c
1 1 1
what cells? 1 cells
ells eosinophils 1
What do they 1 1 1 Pathogen patterns 1
Specific
recognize? 1
epitope
s
How are the 1 1
Rearranged
receptors Germ line 1
gene segments 1
encoded?
Why can't they c 1 1 1
Pathogens evolve e 1 1 Takes too long t 1 1 1
ontrol all infectio 1 1
scape mechanisms 1 o develop 1
ns alone? 1
What do they do i 1 1 1 1 Produce antibo 1
Engulf and destroy, 1 1 1
n response to ant
1 1 1 dies, kill infect 1 1
induce inflammation 1
igen? ed cells 1
10. What are the hallmarks of inflammation? Describe the physical characteristics of someone e
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
xperiencing an inflammatory response. 1 1 1
CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencing inflammation might have loca
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
lized swelling and redness or itching or may be experiencing faintness due to a lowering of blood pressure if
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1more severe. 1
11. Upon receiving immune serum as a treatment for a venomous snake bite, would the recipient be i
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
mmune from future bites of the same species?
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CORRECT ANSWER: In the short- 1 1 1 1
term, probably, as the serum contains protective antibodies against the venom. In the long-
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
term, no, as serum treatment is a form of passive immunity. Passive immunity does not generate long-
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
lived memory cells.
1 1
12. Provide one common feature of and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CORRECT ANSWER: A common feature is that they both are used to recognize foreign antigens. A B-
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
cell receptor is more selective than a PRR. The DNA that encodes for a PRR in an individual is inherited. Th
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
e DNA that encodes for a mature B-cell receptor from an individual is not passed on to offspring.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
19 & Digital Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Judy O
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
wen; Jenni Punt; Patricia Jones
1 1 1 1
Complete Chapters 1- 1 1
21| Verified Q&As for Exam Preparation| All Figures Included|
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A+ PASS GUARANTEED
1 1
, Chapter 01 1
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
specific antibodies develop were the instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the two differ?
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Which was ultimately shown to be CORRECT?
1 1 1 1 1 1
CORRECT ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an antigen, the c
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ell becomes activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of the receptor). The instr
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
uctional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The selective theory was shown to
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
be correct.
1
2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explain how se
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
rendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CORRECT ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. He challeng
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ed groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—
1 1 1 1 1 1
some of which were previously exposed to an attenuated version of cholera bacteria. Only the previously ex
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
posed animals were protected from a new challenge, which led to the use of weakened pathogens as vaccine
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
s.
3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a potential bi
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
oterrorism threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended. As p
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
opulations continued to grow over time, an ever- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
increasing percentage of the human population remains unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible to the dise
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ase.
4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the rising incide
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
nce of autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to observe in the rate of autism
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
once thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
1 1 1 1 1 1
CORRECT ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, cases of au
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
tism continued to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continued use of
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CORRECT ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention. Antibioti
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
c treatment is not foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vaccines are a preven
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
tative measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease control measures.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
,6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why do I need
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
the flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of immunology, how wo
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
uld you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support your answer.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CORRECT ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year -
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1as a result, a new flu vaccine must be prepared each year based on a predication of the most common forms
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
of the virus likely to be encountered. Vaccines are specific in the type of pathogen against which they protec
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
t, and protection against one type does not guarantee protection against pathogens that are closely-related.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors during the d
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
evelopment of B cells. 1 1 1
CORRECT ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathogens as th
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ey evolve. A drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize and target host antige
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ns.
8. A portion of our immune systems' white blood cells is constantly circulating throughout the body via cir
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
culation and lymphatics. What is the benefit of such circulation?
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CORRECT ANSWER: The circulation of the white blood cells allows for a more comprehensive surveillan
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ce of the body for the presence of potential pathogens. A significant portion of the human body is constantly
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
exposed to potential microbial pathogens.
1 1 1 1
9. Complete the following table by comparing and contrasting innate and adaptive immune responses.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Innate Immunity 1
Adaptive Immunity 1
1 Is mediated by what cells?
1 1 1 1
What do they recognize? 1 1 1
How are the receptors encoded?
1 1 1 1
Why can't they control all infections alone? What
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 do they do in response to antigen?
1 1 1 1 1 1
, CORRECT ANSWER: 1
Innate Immunity 1
Adaptive 1
Immunity
Macrophages, NK cel 1 1
Is mediated by
1 1 1 T cells and B
1 1 1 1
ls, neutrophils, mast c
1 1 1
what cells? 1 cells
ells eosinophils 1
What do they 1 1 1 Pathogen patterns 1
Specific
recognize? 1
epitope
s
How are the 1 1
Rearranged
receptors Germ line 1
gene segments 1
encoded?
Why can't they c 1 1 1
Pathogens evolve e 1 1 Takes too long t 1 1 1
ontrol all infectio 1 1
scape mechanisms 1 o develop 1
ns alone? 1
What do they do i 1 1 1 1 Produce antibo 1
Engulf and destroy, 1 1 1
n response to ant
1 1 1 dies, kill infect 1 1
induce inflammation 1
igen? ed cells 1
10. What are the hallmarks of inflammation? Describe the physical characteristics of someone e
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
xperiencing an inflammatory response. 1 1 1
CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencing inflammation might have loca
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
lized swelling and redness or itching or may be experiencing faintness due to a lowering of blood pressure if
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1more severe. 1
11. Upon receiving immune serum as a treatment for a venomous snake bite, would the recipient be i
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
mmune from future bites of the same species?
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CORRECT ANSWER: In the short- 1 1 1 1
term, probably, as the serum contains protective antibodies against the venom. In the long-
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
term, no, as serum treatment is a form of passive immunity. Passive immunity does not generate long-
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
lived memory cells.
1 1
12. Provide one common feature of and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CORRECT ANSWER: A common feature is that they both are used to recognize foreign antigens. A B-
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
cell receptor is more selective than a PRR. The DNA that encodes for a PRR in an individual is inherited. Th
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
e DNA that encodes for a mature B-cell receptor from an individual is not passed on to offspring.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
