NRNP 6645 WEEK 9 Assigment - Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Explaining the neurobiological basis for PTSD illness. The neurobiological basis entails neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in the neural networks. Neuroendocrine features involve cortisol and the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA coordinates responses to stress starting in the hypothalamus. It influences the release of corticotropin hormone (CRH). The presence of CRH causes many changes that trigger the anterior pituitary to generate adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH). The hormone then causes more changes in the body, including the release of glucocorticoids such as cortisol. The reduced noradrenergic stress response is realized because the negative feedback of cortisol hinders the HPA (Dossi et al., 2020). Exposure to cortisol is associated with continued stress. It has a devastating impact on the brain's hippocampus and causes neuroplasty and neurogenesis impairment. Changes in the amygdala and hippocampus are responsible for the development of PTSD. Discuss the DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for PTSD and relate these criteria to the symptomology presented in the case study The DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for PTSD require exposure to stressful or traumatic events for individuals above six years. Joe experienced persistent symptoms to support PTSD diagnoses, such as nightmares, upsetting memories, physical reactivity, emotional distress, and flashbacks (Lenferink et al., 2021). • Persistent experience of a traumatic event: In the video, Joe experiences negative flashbacks, thoughts, and nightmares • Cause of the trauma: Joe was involved in MVA and suffered trauma • Emotions alterations: Joe suffered negativity and alterations of cognition lOMoAR cPSD| 3 • Hyperarousal behaviors: he was easily irritated, violent and fought his classmates, and experienced poor-quality sleep Does the video case presentation provide sufficient information to derive a PTSD diagnosis? Justify your reasoning The video offered detailed information and presented adequate symptoms to support PTSD diagnosis. The video describes a traumatic event that created fear and influenced Joe to develop negative emotions. The event altered cognitions and influenced adverse effects such as flashbacks and fear, particularly when a similar situation was mentioned. The provided information is sufficient to support the diagnosis of PTSD. Do you agree with the other diagnoses in the case presentation? Why or why not? I disagree with the other diagnoses because the criteria for PTSD were met. Joe developed an avoidance of stimuli related to the trauma, including anything that reminded or triggered his feelings and thoughts. PTSD was ruled out based on the presented symptoms. Discuss one other psychotherapy treatment option for the client in this case study. Prolonged exposure therapy (PE) is one of the psychotherapy treatment options that can be applied to the client. It is effective in reducing comorbid conditions, including feelings of guilt, depression, and anger. Some intervention protocols are emotional processing, in vivo exposure, imaginal exposure, and psychoeducation. PE can support the client and enable him to explore painful memories in a supportive and safe environment (Wells et al., 2020). Therefore, the client would participate in activities he has been avoiding due to the experienced traumatic event. lOMoAR cPSD| 4 Explain whether your treatment option is considered a "gold standard treatment" from a clinical practice guideline perspective, and why using gold standard, evidence-based treatments from clinical practice guidelines is important for psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioners. PE is a "gold standard treatment" from a clinical practice guideline perspective because it helps reduce fear of the traumatic event and eliminate other concerns such as feeling guilt and anger. The intervention can enable the client to change feelings and thoughts related to the trauma. The imaginal and Vivo exposure can enable the client to regain his ability to interact with others and engage in interesting activities. Using "gold standards, evidence-based treatments from clinical practice guidelines are important for psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioners" because they support effective intervention for the client. It evaluates the problems' causes and focuses on establishing appropriate solutions (Wells et al., 2020). The intervention can enable the client to improve his perception and feelings toward the situation and strive to improve. Explain why each of your supporting sources is considered scholarly The sources used were peer-reviewed and written by academics. They applied the language of the discipline and considered full citations for sources. Moreover, their publishers are recognized and accepted for publication.