Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive inflammatory response
Asthma in the bronchioles
coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
What are 5 s/s of asthma rapid breathing
chest tightness
-airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) -airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become the alveoli
innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
3 layers of the bronchioles outermost layer
lamina propria the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria embedded with connective tissue cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria white blood cells are present to help protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response
in regards to asthma that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
bronchioles contain
What does the outermost layer of the smooth muscle cells
bronchioles contain
control the airways ability to constrict and dilate
what does the outermost layer of the
bronchioles do
When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls
alveolar hyperinflation collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside
the ongoing inflammatory process of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the
how does hyperinflation occur? bronchial walls collapse around
-expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for tiotropium and ipratropium
asthma
These drugs block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - increasing bronchodilation
the parasympathetic system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine
which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial
constriction = decreased airflow
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the
bronchial constriction
bronchitis inflammation of the bronchial tubes
, bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
3 characteristics of bronchitis chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive
years
The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body
Perfusion as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
cyanosis
right to left shunting
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion chronic hypoxemia
there is hypoxia due to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis
when blood passes from the right ventricle through the lungs and to the left ventricle
Right to left shunting without perfusion
-long term exposure to environmental irritants
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy)
Causes of bronchitis -Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm birth)
-Exposure to airborne irritants
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus secretion
Pathogenesis of bronchitis - Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells located in the lamina
propria
most common irritant with bronchitis is? tobacco product smoke
- smooth muscle hypertrophy
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
- epithelial cell metaplasia
what does long term exposure to irritants - migration of more WBC to site
promote in bronchitis? (5) - thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membrane
causes increased bronchoconstriction
What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in
lungs?
promotes hypersecretion of mucus
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
do what in the bronchials
What are characteristics of epithelial cell squamous cells become nonciliated and are less protective; allow passage of toxins
and WBCs
metaplasia?
increases inflammation of the cite and causes fibrosis in the bronchial wall
What does the migration of WBCs to the
bronchials do?
leads to further narrowing of the bronchial passageways
How does the thickening and rigidity of
bronchial basement membranes effect the
lungs?
What acid-base disorder is seen in chronic respiratory acidosis
bronchitis?
hyperinflation of the alveoli causes CO2 retention
how does chronic bronchitis lead to
respiratory acidosis?
Where does air enter the body? naso and oropharynx (mouth and nose)
Where does air go after it passes through it passes through the trachea
the nose and mouth?
goes into the left or right bronchi
After air passes through the trachea where
does it go?
Asthma in the bronchioles
coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
What are 5 s/s of asthma rapid breathing
chest tightness
-airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) -airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become the alveoli
innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
3 layers of the bronchioles outermost layer
lamina propria the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria embedded with connective tissue cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria white blood cells are present to help protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response
in regards to asthma that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
bronchioles contain
What does the outermost layer of the smooth muscle cells
bronchioles contain
control the airways ability to constrict and dilate
what does the outermost layer of the
bronchioles do
When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls
alveolar hyperinflation collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside
the ongoing inflammatory process of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the
how does hyperinflation occur? bronchial walls collapse around
-expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for tiotropium and ipratropium
asthma
These drugs block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - increasing bronchodilation
the parasympathetic system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine
which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial
constriction = decreased airflow
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the
bronchial constriction
bronchitis inflammation of the bronchial tubes
, bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
3 characteristics of bronchitis chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive
years
The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body
Perfusion as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
cyanosis
right to left shunting
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion chronic hypoxemia
there is hypoxia due to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis
when blood passes from the right ventricle through the lungs and to the left ventricle
Right to left shunting without perfusion
-long term exposure to environmental irritants
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy)
Causes of bronchitis -Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm birth)
-Exposure to airborne irritants
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus secretion
Pathogenesis of bronchitis - Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells located in the lamina
propria
most common irritant with bronchitis is? tobacco product smoke
- smooth muscle hypertrophy
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
- epithelial cell metaplasia
what does long term exposure to irritants - migration of more WBC to site
promote in bronchitis? (5) - thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membrane
causes increased bronchoconstriction
What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in
lungs?
promotes hypersecretion of mucus
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
do what in the bronchials
What are characteristics of epithelial cell squamous cells become nonciliated and are less protective; allow passage of toxins
and WBCs
metaplasia?
increases inflammation of the cite and causes fibrosis in the bronchial wall
What does the migration of WBCs to the
bronchials do?
leads to further narrowing of the bronchial passageways
How does the thickening and rigidity of
bronchial basement membranes effect the
lungs?
What acid-base disorder is seen in chronic respiratory acidosis
bronchitis?
hyperinflation of the alveoli causes CO2 retention
how does chronic bronchitis lead to
respiratory acidosis?
Where does air enter the body? naso and oropharynx (mouth and nose)
Where does air go after it passes through it passes through the trachea
the nose and mouth?
goes into the left or right bronchi
After air passes through the trachea where
does it go?
