GNRS515 - Advanced
Pathophysiology - Exam 1 Final
Review Questions With 100% Correct
Answers 2025-2026 Updated.
T/F: Non-dividing cells, such as myocardial fibers, are capable of hypertrophy, but not
hyperplasia. - Answer True
T/F: Dysplasia is a common type of normal cellular adaptation. - Answer False
T/F: Hypertrophy and hyperplasia rarely occur together. - Answer False
T/F: A man with a history of smoking has a bronchial biopsy showing that the normal columnar
ciliated epithelial cells have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. The man is
correctly told that this process could be reversed if he quits smoking. - Answer True
T/F: Dysplastic changes may be reversible, but more commonly become malignant. - Answer
True
Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the
bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Anaplasia - Answer B. Metaplasia
The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of:
A. Compensatory hyperplasia
B. Hormonal hyperplasia
C. Hormonal anaplasia
,A. They divide
B. They increase in size
C. They increase in number
D. They undergo metaplasia - Answer B. They increase in size
After ovulation, the uterine endometrial cells divide under the influence of estrogen; this is an
example of hormonal:
A. Hyperplasia.
B. Dysplasia.
C. Hypertrophy
D. Anaplasia - Answer A. Hyperplasia
The abnormal proliferation of cells in response to excessive hormonal stimulation is called:
A. Dysplasia.
B. Pathologic dysplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Pathologic hyperplasia - Answer D. Pathologic Hyperplasia
Removal of part of the liver leads to ______________ of the remaining liver cells.
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Compensatory hyperplasia
D. Compensatory dysplasia - Answer C. Compensatory Hyperplasia
During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level have on
cells?
A. Cells shrink because of the influx of Ca
B. Cells shrink because of the influx of KCl
, What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
A. Enzymatic digestion halts DNA synthesis.
B. Influx of calcium ions halts ATP production
C. Reduction in ATP production caused by edema from an influx in sodium
D. Shift of potassium out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure - Answer B.
Influx of calcium ions halts ATP production
What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury?
A. Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis
B. Influx of potassium ions into the mitochondria occurs, halting the ATP production
C. Edema of the Golgi body occurs, preventing the transport of proteins out of the cell
D. Shift of calcium out of the plasma membrane occurs, destroying the cytoskeleton - Answer
A. Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis
In hypoxic injury, why does sodium enter the cell and cause swelling?
A. Because the cell membrane permeability increases for sodium during periods of hypoxia
B. Because there is insufficient ATP to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell
C. Because the lactic acid produced by the hypoxia binds with sodium within the cell
D. Because sodium cannot be transported in the cytosol to the cell membrane during hypoxia -
Answer B. Because there is insufficient ATP to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of
the cell
What organs are affected by coagulative necrosis that results from hypoxia caused by severe
ischemia or caused by chemical injury?
A. Lungs and pulmonary vessels
B. Brain and spinal cord
C. Kidneys and heart
D. Muscles and bones - Answer C. Kidneys and heart
Pathophysiology - Exam 1 Final
Review Questions With 100% Correct
Answers 2025-2026 Updated.
T/F: Non-dividing cells, such as myocardial fibers, are capable of hypertrophy, but not
hyperplasia. - Answer True
T/F: Dysplasia is a common type of normal cellular adaptation. - Answer False
T/F: Hypertrophy and hyperplasia rarely occur together. - Answer False
T/F: A man with a history of smoking has a bronchial biopsy showing that the normal columnar
ciliated epithelial cells have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. The man is
correctly told that this process could be reversed if he quits smoking. - Answer True
T/F: Dysplastic changes may be reversible, but more commonly become malignant. - Answer
True
Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the
bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Anaplasia - Answer B. Metaplasia
The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of:
A. Compensatory hyperplasia
B. Hormonal hyperplasia
C. Hormonal anaplasia
,A. They divide
B. They increase in size
C. They increase in number
D. They undergo metaplasia - Answer B. They increase in size
After ovulation, the uterine endometrial cells divide under the influence of estrogen; this is an
example of hormonal:
A. Hyperplasia.
B. Dysplasia.
C. Hypertrophy
D. Anaplasia - Answer A. Hyperplasia
The abnormal proliferation of cells in response to excessive hormonal stimulation is called:
A. Dysplasia.
B. Pathologic dysplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Pathologic hyperplasia - Answer D. Pathologic Hyperplasia
Removal of part of the liver leads to ______________ of the remaining liver cells.
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Compensatory hyperplasia
D. Compensatory dysplasia - Answer C. Compensatory Hyperplasia
During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level have on
cells?
A. Cells shrink because of the influx of Ca
B. Cells shrink because of the influx of KCl
, What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
A. Enzymatic digestion halts DNA synthesis.
B. Influx of calcium ions halts ATP production
C. Reduction in ATP production caused by edema from an influx in sodium
D. Shift of potassium out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure - Answer B.
Influx of calcium ions halts ATP production
What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury?
A. Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis
B. Influx of potassium ions into the mitochondria occurs, halting the ATP production
C. Edema of the Golgi body occurs, preventing the transport of proteins out of the cell
D. Shift of calcium out of the plasma membrane occurs, destroying the cytoskeleton - Answer
A. Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis
In hypoxic injury, why does sodium enter the cell and cause swelling?
A. Because the cell membrane permeability increases for sodium during periods of hypoxia
B. Because there is insufficient ATP to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell
C. Because the lactic acid produced by the hypoxia binds with sodium within the cell
D. Because sodium cannot be transported in the cytosol to the cell membrane during hypoxia -
Answer B. Because there is insufficient ATP to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of
the cell
What organs are affected by coagulative necrosis that results from hypoxia caused by severe
ischemia or caused by chemical injury?
A. Lungs and pulmonary vessels
B. Brain and spinal cord
C. Kidneys and heart
D. Muscles and bones - Answer C. Kidneys and heart
