GNRS 515 Patho Practice Exam 2 With
Correct Verified Solutions Rated A+
2025-2026 Edition.
Human lines of defense - Answer INNATE IMMUNITY
Natural Barriers (1st line of defense)
-Physical (skin, mucous membranes)
-Biochemical (epithelial cell derived chemicals ex. sweat, tears, saliva, mucous)
-Normal flora (skin, gut)
Inflammatory Response (2nd line of defense)
-Protein component (complement)
-Cellular components (mast cells, granulocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells)
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
Immune Response (3rd line of defense)
-Protein components (antibodies, humoral immunity)
-Cellular components (t-cytotoxic, t-helper, b-plasma, b-memory)
*Macrophages and dendritic cells inflammatory and immune responses by antigen-presenting
role*
Cellular Receptors - Answer •Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs): that recognize two types
of molecular patterns - Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs): septic injury
- Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs): sterile injury
•Toll-like receptors (TLRs): a major class of PRRs that recognize a large variety of PAMPs located
on the microorganism's cell wall or surface
• Complement receptors: recognize several complement factors
Cellular Products: Cytokines - Answer - Interleukins (ILs) produced by macrophages and
,- Interferons (IFNs) protect against viral infections. IFN-α & IFN-β: secreted by macrophages and
infected cells. IFN-ϒ: produced by lymphocytes.
- Chemokines attract leukocytes to the site of inflammation (chemotaxis)
Mast Cells - Answer •The most important cellular FIRST activator of inflammatory response
• "Big Bags of Granules"
•Location: connective tissue beneath the epithelium (skin, GIT, respiratory tract)
Two Functions:
•Degranulation:
- Histamine
- Chemotactic factors (NCF & ECF-A)
•Synthesis:
- Leukotrienes: SRS-A
- Prostaglandins: E, D, A. F& G
- Platelet-activating factor
Leukocytes - Answer I.Phagocytes
Granulocytes:
1.Neutrophils
2.Eosinophils
3.Basophils
Agranulocytes:
1.Monocytes (Macrophages)
II.Immunocytes
Lymphocytes
1.T-cells
2.B-cells
3.NK cells
,-Leukocytosis: ↑ number of leukocytes
-Leukopenia: ↓ number of leukocytes
-Granulocytosis: ↑ number of granulocytes
-Granulocytopenia: ↓ number of granulocytes
-Agranulocytosis: Severe and dangerous leukopenia, most commonly involving neutrophils
Third Line of Defense:
Acquired, Adaptive, Specific Immunity, Immune Response - Answer -It all revolves around
antigens (antibody generator)
-Lymphocytes are the workers
-Antibodies are the tools
-Specificity
-Memory provides immunity (may need a booster)
-Naturally acquired
Active: antigens enter body naturally, body induces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
Passive: antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant via milk
-Artificially acquired
Active: antigens are introduced in vaccines, body produces antibodies and specialized
lymphocytes
Passive: preformed antibodies in immune serum are introduced by injection
Cell-Mediated Immune Response:
T-lymphocytes - Answer Cytotoxic T-cells
(CD8 cells)
-Effector T-cytotoxic:
attack and kill foreign cells directly (perforins), or by inducing apoptosis of virally infected or
cancerous cells
-Memory T-cytotoxic
Helper T-cells
, help in developing humoral immunity
-Memory T-helper
*Regulatory T-cells (aka: T-suppressor cells):
Produce immunosuppressive cytokines to control the immune response*
Clinical Presentation: Unusual, or recurrent, severe infections - Answer •T cell immune
deficiency: recurrent infections by
- Certain viruses (herpes, cytomegalovirus)
- Fungi and yeasts (candida, histoplasma)
- Atypical microorganisms (Pneumocystis jirovecii formerly Pneumocystis carinii)
• B cell and phagocyte deficiencies:
- Encapsulated bacteria
- Certain viruses (e.g. rubella)
•Complement deficiency:
- Encapsulated bacteria:
- e.g. Neisseria meningitidis & N. gonorrhoeae
Hypersensitivity:
An altered immunological response (over-reaction) to an antigen
that results in disease or damage to the individual - Answer TYPE
-Allergy:
Hypersensitivity (overreaction) to environmental antigens → allergic Sx
-Autoimmunity:
Hypersensitivity (overreaction) to self antigens → autoimmune disease
-Alloimmunity:
Hypersensitivity (overreaction) to antigens of another individual → blood-transfusion reaction,
graft rejection, Rh incompatibility
MECHANISM
Correct Verified Solutions Rated A+
2025-2026 Edition.
Human lines of defense - Answer INNATE IMMUNITY
Natural Barriers (1st line of defense)
-Physical (skin, mucous membranes)
-Biochemical (epithelial cell derived chemicals ex. sweat, tears, saliva, mucous)
-Normal flora (skin, gut)
Inflammatory Response (2nd line of defense)
-Protein component (complement)
-Cellular components (mast cells, granulocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells)
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
Immune Response (3rd line of defense)
-Protein components (antibodies, humoral immunity)
-Cellular components (t-cytotoxic, t-helper, b-plasma, b-memory)
*Macrophages and dendritic cells inflammatory and immune responses by antigen-presenting
role*
Cellular Receptors - Answer •Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs): that recognize two types
of molecular patterns - Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs): septic injury
- Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs): sterile injury
•Toll-like receptors (TLRs): a major class of PRRs that recognize a large variety of PAMPs located
on the microorganism's cell wall or surface
• Complement receptors: recognize several complement factors
Cellular Products: Cytokines - Answer - Interleukins (ILs) produced by macrophages and
,- Interferons (IFNs) protect against viral infections. IFN-α & IFN-β: secreted by macrophages and
infected cells. IFN-ϒ: produced by lymphocytes.
- Chemokines attract leukocytes to the site of inflammation (chemotaxis)
Mast Cells - Answer •The most important cellular FIRST activator of inflammatory response
• "Big Bags of Granules"
•Location: connective tissue beneath the epithelium (skin, GIT, respiratory tract)
Two Functions:
•Degranulation:
- Histamine
- Chemotactic factors (NCF & ECF-A)
•Synthesis:
- Leukotrienes: SRS-A
- Prostaglandins: E, D, A. F& G
- Platelet-activating factor
Leukocytes - Answer I.Phagocytes
Granulocytes:
1.Neutrophils
2.Eosinophils
3.Basophils
Agranulocytes:
1.Monocytes (Macrophages)
II.Immunocytes
Lymphocytes
1.T-cells
2.B-cells
3.NK cells
,-Leukocytosis: ↑ number of leukocytes
-Leukopenia: ↓ number of leukocytes
-Granulocytosis: ↑ number of granulocytes
-Granulocytopenia: ↓ number of granulocytes
-Agranulocytosis: Severe and dangerous leukopenia, most commonly involving neutrophils
Third Line of Defense:
Acquired, Adaptive, Specific Immunity, Immune Response - Answer -It all revolves around
antigens (antibody generator)
-Lymphocytes are the workers
-Antibodies are the tools
-Specificity
-Memory provides immunity (may need a booster)
-Naturally acquired
Active: antigens enter body naturally, body induces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
Passive: antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant via milk
-Artificially acquired
Active: antigens are introduced in vaccines, body produces antibodies and specialized
lymphocytes
Passive: preformed antibodies in immune serum are introduced by injection
Cell-Mediated Immune Response:
T-lymphocytes - Answer Cytotoxic T-cells
(CD8 cells)
-Effector T-cytotoxic:
attack and kill foreign cells directly (perforins), or by inducing apoptosis of virally infected or
cancerous cells
-Memory T-cytotoxic
Helper T-cells
, help in developing humoral immunity
-Memory T-helper
*Regulatory T-cells (aka: T-suppressor cells):
Produce immunosuppressive cytokines to control the immune response*
Clinical Presentation: Unusual, or recurrent, severe infections - Answer •T cell immune
deficiency: recurrent infections by
- Certain viruses (herpes, cytomegalovirus)
- Fungi and yeasts (candida, histoplasma)
- Atypical microorganisms (Pneumocystis jirovecii formerly Pneumocystis carinii)
• B cell and phagocyte deficiencies:
- Encapsulated bacteria
- Certain viruses (e.g. rubella)
•Complement deficiency:
- Encapsulated bacteria:
- e.g. Neisseria meningitidis & N. gonorrhoeae
Hypersensitivity:
An altered immunological response (over-reaction) to an antigen
that results in disease or damage to the individual - Answer TYPE
-Allergy:
Hypersensitivity (overreaction) to environmental antigens → allergic Sx
-Autoimmunity:
Hypersensitivity (overreaction) to self antigens → autoimmune disease
-Alloimmunity:
Hypersensitivity (overreaction) to antigens of another individual → blood-transfusion reaction,
graft rejection, Rh incompatibility
MECHANISM
