GNRS 515 Patho Final Exam 1
Questions with Guaranteed Pass
Solutions 2025-2026 Updated.
Cellular Adaptation - Answer 1. Atrophy: decrease in cell size
2.Hypertrophy: increase in cell size
3.Hyperplasia: increase in cell number
4. Metaplasia: reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type
5.Dysplasia (atypical hyperplasia): deranged cellular growth (size, shape, and organization)
Metaplasia - Answer Reversible replacement of one cell by another cell type
Bronchial metaplasia: (in smokers)
- normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells, are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells
(no mucus secretion, no cilia)
- Can be reversed
- Can be transformed into cancer
Barrett esophagus:
- normal squamous epithelial lining of the esophagus, is replaced by columnar epithelium
(goblet cells of the intestines)
- occurs as an adaptation to the chronic irritation of GERD
- predisposes to esophageal adenocarcinoma
Non-dividing cells, such as myocardial fibers, are capable of hypertrophy, but not hyperplasia
A.True
,A.True
B.False - Answer B.False
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia rarely occur together.
A.True
B.False - Answer B.False
A man with a history of smoking has a bronchial biopsy showing that the normal columnar
ciliated epithelial cells have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. The man is
correctly told that this process could be reversed if he quits smoking
A.True
B.False - Answer A.True
Dysplastic changes may be reversible, but more commonly become malignant.
A.True
B.False - Answer A.True
Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the
bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells?
A.Hyperplasia
B.Metaplasia
C.Dysplasia
D.Anaplasia - Answer B.Metaplasia
The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of:
A.compensatory hyperplasia
B.hormonal hyperplasia
,A.They divide
B.They increase in size
C.They increase in number
D.They undergo metaplasia - Answer B.They increase in size
After ovulation, the uterine endometrial cells divide under the influence of estrogen; this is an
example of hormonal:
A.hyperplasia.
B.dysplasia.
C.Hypertrophy
D.Anaplasia - Answer A.hyperplasia.
The abnormal proliferation of cells in response to excessive hormonal stimulation is called:
A.dysplasia.
B.pathologic dysplasia
C.Hyperplasia
D.pathologic hyperplasia - Answer D.pathologic hyperplasia
Removal of part of the liver leads to ______________ of the remaining liver cells
A.dysplasia
B.metaplasia
C.compensatory hyperplasia
D.compensatory dysplasia - Answer C.compensatory hyperplasia
Manifestations of cellular injury - Answer Water
-Cause: Hypoxia, reduced ATP, increased intracellular Na
-Ex: Early in cell injury
, Carbohydrates
-Cause: Mucopolysaccharides accumulation in RECs, and fibroblasts, Glycogen accumulates in
cells of diabetic patients or genetically induced
-Ex: Mucopolysaccharidosis, Glycogen storage disease
Proteins
-Cause: Accumulation in B lymphocytes
-Ex: Multiple myeloma
Pigments
-Cause: Melanin in excess in skin cells, Bilirubin in excess causes jaundice
-Ex: Addison disease, Malignant melanoma, Liver & blood disorders
Calcium
-Cause: Dystrophic calcification, metastatic calcification
-Ex: Atherosclerosis, hyperparathyroidism
Urate
-Cause: Deposition of sodium urate crystals
-Ex: Gout
Systemic manifestations: fever, pain, leukocytosis, increased enzyme levels
Necrosis: Unregulated enzymatic digestion of cell components - Answer Necrosis:
-Unregulated enzymatic cell destruction
-Interferes with cell replacement and tissue regeneration
-Non-distinguishing cell death
-Starts by swelling of the cell
-There is loss of cell membrane integrity
-Lysosomal enzymes are released extracellularly (blood)
Questions with Guaranteed Pass
Solutions 2025-2026 Updated.
Cellular Adaptation - Answer 1. Atrophy: decrease in cell size
2.Hypertrophy: increase in cell size
3.Hyperplasia: increase in cell number
4. Metaplasia: reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another less mature cell type
5.Dysplasia (atypical hyperplasia): deranged cellular growth (size, shape, and organization)
Metaplasia - Answer Reversible replacement of one cell by another cell type
Bronchial metaplasia: (in smokers)
- normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells, are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells
(no mucus secretion, no cilia)
- Can be reversed
- Can be transformed into cancer
Barrett esophagus:
- normal squamous epithelial lining of the esophagus, is replaced by columnar epithelium
(goblet cells of the intestines)
- occurs as an adaptation to the chronic irritation of GERD
- predisposes to esophageal adenocarcinoma
Non-dividing cells, such as myocardial fibers, are capable of hypertrophy, but not hyperplasia
A.True
,A.True
B.False - Answer B.False
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia rarely occur together.
A.True
B.False - Answer B.False
A man with a history of smoking has a bronchial biopsy showing that the normal columnar
ciliated epithelial cells have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. The man is
correctly told that this process could be reversed if he quits smoking
A.True
B.False - Answer A.True
Dysplastic changes may be reversible, but more commonly become malignant.
A.True
B.False - Answer A.True
Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the
bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells?
A.Hyperplasia
B.Metaplasia
C.Dysplasia
D.Anaplasia - Answer B.Metaplasia
The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of:
A.compensatory hyperplasia
B.hormonal hyperplasia
,A.They divide
B.They increase in size
C.They increase in number
D.They undergo metaplasia - Answer B.They increase in size
After ovulation, the uterine endometrial cells divide under the influence of estrogen; this is an
example of hormonal:
A.hyperplasia.
B.dysplasia.
C.Hypertrophy
D.Anaplasia - Answer A.hyperplasia.
The abnormal proliferation of cells in response to excessive hormonal stimulation is called:
A.dysplasia.
B.pathologic dysplasia
C.Hyperplasia
D.pathologic hyperplasia - Answer D.pathologic hyperplasia
Removal of part of the liver leads to ______________ of the remaining liver cells
A.dysplasia
B.metaplasia
C.compensatory hyperplasia
D.compensatory dysplasia - Answer C.compensatory hyperplasia
Manifestations of cellular injury - Answer Water
-Cause: Hypoxia, reduced ATP, increased intracellular Na
-Ex: Early in cell injury
, Carbohydrates
-Cause: Mucopolysaccharides accumulation in RECs, and fibroblasts, Glycogen accumulates in
cells of diabetic patients or genetically induced
-Ex: Mucopolysaccharidosis, Glycogen storage disease
Proteins
-Cause: Accumulation in B lymphocytes
-Ex: Multiple myeloma
Pigments
-Cause: Melanin in excess in skin cells, Bilirubin in excess causes jaundice
-Ex: Addison disease, Malignant melanoma, Liver & blood disorders
Calcium
-Cause: Dystrophic calcification, metastatic calcification
-Ex: Atherosclerosis, hyperparathyroidism
Urate
-Cause: Deposition of sodium urate crystals
-Ex: Gout
Systemic manifestations: fever, pain, leukocytosis, increased enzyme levels
Necrosis: Unregulated enzymatic digestion of cell components - Answer Necrosis:
-Unregulated enzymatic cell destruction
-Interferes with cell replacement and tissue regeneration
-Non-distinguishing cell death
-Starts by swelling of the cell
-There is loss of cell membrane integrity
-Lysosomal enzymes are released extracellularly (blood)
