HESI - Fundamentals practice questions and
-answers with rationale 2025/2026 update
When turning an immobile bedridden client without assistance, which action by the nurse best ensures
client safety?
A. Securely grasp the client's arm and leg.
B. Put bed rails up on the side of bed opposite from the nurse.
C. Correctly position and use a turn sheet.
D. Lower the head of the client's bed slowly. - - ✔✔answer B
Rationale: Because the nurse can only stand on one side of the bed, bed rails should be up on the
opposite side to ensure that the client does not fall out of bed. Option A can cause client injury to the
skin or joint. Options C and D are useful techniques while turning a client but have less priority in terms
of safety than use of the bed rails.
The nurse identifies a potential for infection in a client with partial-thickness (second-degree) and full-
thickness (third-degree) burns. What intervention has the highest priority in decreasing the client's risk
of infection?
A. Administration of plasma expanders
B. Use of careful handwashing technique
C. Application of a topical antibacterial cream
D. Limiting visitors to the client with burns - - ✔✔answer B
Rationale: Careful handwashing technique is the single most effective intervention for the prevention of
contamination to all clients. Option A reverses the hypovolemia that initially accompanies burn trauma
but is not related to decreasing the proliferation of infective organisms. Options C and D are
recommended by various burn centers as possible ways to reduce the chance of infection. Option B is a
proven technique to prevent infection.
The nurse is aware that malnutrition is a common problem among clients served by a community health
clinic for the homeless. Which laboratory value is the most reliable indicator of chronic protein
malnutrition?
A. Low serum albumin level
B. Low serum transferrin level
C. High hemoglobin level
,D. High cholesterol level - - ✔✔answer A
Rationale: Long-term protein deficiency is required to cause significantly lowered serum albumin levels.
Albumin is made by the liver only when adequate amounts of amino acids (from protein breakdown) are
available. Albumin has a long half-life, so acute protein loss does not significantly alter serum levels.
Option B is a serum protein with a half-life of only 8 to 10 days, so it will drop with an acute protein
deficiency. Options C and D are not clinical measures of protein malnutrition.
In completing a client's preoperative routine, the nurse finds that the operative permit is not signed. The
client begins to ask more questions about the surgical procedure. Which action should the nurse take
next?
A. Witness the client's signature to the permit.
B. - ✔✔answer the client's questions about the surgery.
C. Inform the surgeon that the operative permit is not signed and the client has questions about the
surgery.
D. Reassure the client that the surgeon will - ✔✔answer any questions before the anesthesia is
administered. - - ✔✔answer C
Rationale: The surgeon should be informed immediately that the permit is not signed. It is the surgeon's
responsibility to explain the procedure to the client and obtain the client's signature on the permit.
Although the nurse can witness an operative permit, the procedure must first be explained by the health
care provider or surgeon, including - ✔✔answer ing the client's questions. The client's questions
should be addressed before the permit is signed.
The nurse is assessing several clients prior to surgery. Which factor in a client's history poses the
greatest threat for complications to occur during surgery?
A. Taking birth control pills for the past 2 years
B. Taking anticoagulants for the past year
C. Recently completing antibiotic therapy
D. Having taken laxatives PRN for the last 6 months - - ✔✔answer B
Rationale:
Anticoagulants increase the risk for bleeding during surgery, which can pose a threat for the
development of surgical complications. The health care provider should be informed that the client is
taking these drugs. Although clients who take birth control pills may be more susceptible to the
,development of thrombi, such problems usually occur postoperatively. A client with option C or D is at
less of a surgical risk than with option B.
When assisting a client from the bed to a chair, which procedure is best for the nurse to follow?
A. Place the chair parallel to the bed, with its back toward the head of the bed and assist the client in
moving to the chair.
B. With the nurse's feet spread apart and knees aligned with the client's knees, stand and pivot the
client into the chair.
C. Assist the client to a standing position by gently lifting upward, underneath the axillae.
D. Stand beside the client, place the client's arms around the nurse's neck, and gently move the client to
the chair. - - ✔✔answer B
Rationale: Option B describes the correct positioning of the nurse and affords the nurse a wide base of
support while stabilizing the client's knees when assisting to a standing position. The chair should be
placed at a 45-degree angle to the bed, with the back of the chair toward the head of the bed. Clients
should never be lifted under the axillae; this could damage nerves and strain the nurse's back. The client
should be instructed to use the arms of the chair and should never place his or her arms around the
nurse's neck; this places undue stress on the nurse's neck and back and increases the risk for a fall.
Which step(s) should the nurse take when administering ear drops to an adult client? (Select all that
apply.)
A. Place the client in a side-lying position.
B. Pull the auricle upward and outward.
C. Hold the dropper 6 cm above the ear canal.
D. Place a cotton ball into the inner canal.
E. Pull the auricle down and back. - - ✔✔answer A, B
Rationale: The correct - ✔✔answer s (A and B) are the appropriate administration of ear drops. The
dropper should be held 1 cm (½ inch) above the ear canal (C). A cotton ball should be placed in the
outermost canal (D). The auricle is pulled down and back for a child younger than 3 years of age, but not
an adult (E).
The nurse is instructing a client in the proper use of a metered-dose inhaler. Which instruction should
the nurse provide the client to ensure the optimal benefits from the drug?
A. "Fill your lungs with air through your mouth and then compress the inhaler."
,B. "Compress the inhaler while slowly breathing in through your mouth."
C. "Compress the inhaler while inhaling quickly through your nose."
D. "Exhale completely after compressing the inhaler and then inhale." - - ✔✔answer B
Rationale: The medication should be inhaled through the mouth simultaneously with compression of the
inhaler. This will facilitate the desired destination of the aerosol medication deep in the lungs for an
optimal bronchodilation effect. Options A, C, and D do not allow for deep lung penetration.
A 20-year-old female client with a noticeable body odor has refused to shower for the last 3 days. She
states, "I have been told that it is harmful to bathe during my period." Which action should the nurse
take first?
A. Accept and document the client's wish to refrain from bathing.
B. Offer to give the client a bed bath, avoiding the perineal area.
C. Obtain written brochures about menstruation to give to the client.
D. Teach the importance of personal hygiene during menstruation with the client. - - ✔✔answer D
Rationale: Because a shower is most beneficial for the client in terms of hygiene, the client should
receive teaching first, respecting any personal beliefs such as cultural or spiritual values. After client
teaching, the client may still choose option A or B. Brochures reinforce the teaching.
While reviewing the side effects of a newly prescribed medication, a 72-year-old client notes that one of
the side effects is a reduction in sexual drive. Which is the best response by the nurse?
A. "How will this affect your present sexual activity?"
B. "How active is your current sex life?"
C. "How has your sex life changed as you have become older?"
D. "Tell me about your sexual needs as an older adult." - - ✔✔answer A
Rationale: Option A offers an open-ended question most relevant to the client's statement. Option B
does not offer the client the opportunity to express concerns. Options C and D are even less relevant to
the client's statement.
The nurse is using the Glasgow Coma Scale to perform a neurologic assessment. A comatose client
winces and pulls away from a painful stimulus. Which action should the nurse take next?
A. Document that the client responds to painful stimulus.
, B. Observe the client's response to verbal stimulation.
C. Place the client on seizure precautions for 24 hours.
D. Report decorticate posturing to the health care provider - - ✔✔answer .A
Rationale: The client has demonstrated a purposeful response to pain, which should be documented as
such. Response to painful stimulus is assessed after response to verbal stimulus, not before. There is no
indication for placing the client on seizure precautions. Reporting decorticate posturing to the health
care provider is nonpurposeful movement.
The nurse plans to administer diazepam, 4 mg IV push, to a client with severe anxiety. How many
milliliters should the nurse administer? (Round to the nearest tenth.)
A. 0.2 mL
B. 0.8 mL
C. 1.25 mL
D. 2.0 mL - - ✔✔answer B
Rationale: (1 mL × 4 mg)/5 mg = 0.8 mL
The nurse prepares to insert a nasogastric tube in a client with hyperemesis who is awake and alert.
Which intervention(s) is(are) correct? (Select all that apply.)
A. Place the client in a high Fowler position.
B. Help the client assume a left side-lying position.
C. Measure the tube from the tip of the nose to the umbilicus.
D. Instruct the client to swallow after the tube has passed the pharynx.
E. Assist the client in extending the neck back so the tube may enter the larynx. - - ✔✔answer A, D
Rationale:
(A and D) are the correct steps to follow during nasogastric intubation. Only the unconscious or
obtunded client should be placed in a left side-lying position (B). The tube should be measured from the
tip of the nose to behind the ear and then from behind the ear to the xiphoid process (C). The neck
should only be extended back prior to the tube passing the pharynx and then the client should be
instructed to position the neck forward (E).
-answers with rationale 2025/2026 update
When turning an immobile bedridden client without assistance, which action by the nurse best ensures
client safety?
A. Securely grasp the client's arm and leg.
B. Put bed rails up on the side of bed opposite from the nurse.
C. Correctly position and use a turn sheet.
D. Lower the head of the client's bed slowly. - - ✔✔answer B
Rationale: Because the nurse can only stand on one side of the bed, bed rails should be up on the
opposite side to ensure that the client does not fall out of bed. Option A can cause client injury to the
skin or joint. Options C and D are useful techniques while turning a client but have less priority in terms
of safety than use of the bed rails.
The nurse identifies a potential for infection in a client with partial-thickness (second-degree) and full-
thickness (third-degree) burns. What intervention has the highest priority in decreasing the client's risk
of infection?
A. Administration of plasma expanders
B. Use of careful handwashing technique
C. Application of a topical antibacterial cream
D. Limiting visitors to the client with burns - - ✔✔answer B
Rationale: Careful handwashing technique is the single most effective intervention for the prevention of
contamination to all clients. Option A reverses the hypovolemia that initially accompanies burn trauma
but is not related to decreasing the proliferation of infective organisms. Options C and D are
recommended by various burn centers as possible ways to reduce the chance of infection. Option B is a
proven technique to prevent infection.
The nurse is aware that malnutrition is a common problem among clients served by a community health
clinic for the homeless. Which laboratory value is the most reliable indicator of chronic protein
malnutrition?
A. Low serum albumin level
B. Low serum transferrin level
C. High hemoglobin level
,D. High cholesterol level - - ✔✔answer A
Rationale: Long-term protein deficiency is required to cause significantly lowered serum albumin levels.
Albumin is made by the liver only when adequate amounts of amino acids (from protein breakdown) are
available. Albumin has a long half-life, so acute protein loss does not significantly alter serum levels.
Option B is a serum protein with a half-life of only 8 to 10 days, so it will drop with an acute protein
deficiency. Options C and D are not clinical measures of protein malnutrition.
In completing a client's preoperative routine, the nurse finds that the operative permit is not signed. The
client begins to ask more questions about the surgical procedure. Which action should the nurse take
next?
A. Witness the client's signature to the permit.
B. - ✔✔answer the client's questions about the surgery.
C. Inform the surgeon that the operative permit is not signed and the client has questions about the
surgery.
D. Reassure the client that the surgeon will - ✔✔answer any questions before the anesthesia is
administered. - - ✔✔answer C
Rationale: The surgeon should be informed immediately that the permit is not signed. It is the surgeon's
responsibility to explain the procedure to the client and obtain the client's signature on the permit.
Although the nurse can witness an operative permit, the procedure must first be explained by the health
care provider or surgeon, including - ✔✔answer ing the client's questions. The client's questions
should be addressed before the permit is signed.
The nurse is assessing several clients prior to surgery. Which factor in a client's history poses the
greatest threat for complications to occur during surgery?
A. Taking birth control pills for the past 2 years
B. Taking anticoagulants for the past year
C. Recently completing antibiotic therapy
D. Having taken laxatives PRN for the last 6 months - - ✔✔answer B
Rationale:
Anticoagulants increase the risk for bleeding during surgery, which can pose a threat for the
development of surgical complications. The health care provider should be informed that the client is
taking these drugs. Although clients who take birth control pills may be more susceptible to the
,development of thrombi, such problems usually occur postoperatively. A client with option C or D is at
less of a surgical risk than with option B.
When assisting a client from the bed to a chair, which procedure is best for the nurse to follow?
A. Place the chair parallel to the bed, with its back toward the head of the bed and assist the client in
moving to the chair.
B. With the nurse's feet spread apart and knees aligned with the client's knees, stand and pivot the
client into the chair.
C. Assist the client to a standing position by gently lifting upward, underneath the axillae.
D. Stand beside the client, place the client's arms around the nurse's neck, and gently move the client to
the chair. - - ✔✔answer B
Rationale: Option B describes the correct positioning of the nurse and affords the nurse a wide base of
support while stabilizing the client's knees when assisting to a standing position. The chair should be
placed at a 45-degree angle to the bed, with the back of the chair toward the head of the bed. Clients
should never be lifted under the axillae; this could damage nerves and strain the nurse's back. The client
should be instructed to use the arms of the chair and should never place his or her arms around the
nurse's neck; this places undue stress on the nurse's neck and back and increases the risk for a fall.
Which step(s) should the nurse take when administering ear drops to an adult client? (Select all that
apply.)
A. Place the client in a side-lying position.
B. Pull the auricle upward and outward.
C. Hold the dropper 6 cm above the ear canal.
D. Place a cotton ball into the inner canal.
E. Pull the auricle down and back. - - ✔✔answer A, B
Rationale: The correct - ✔✔answer s (A and B) are the appropriate administration of ear drops. The
dropper should be held 1 cm (½ inch) above the ear canal (C). A cotton ball should be placed in the
outermost canal (D). The auricle is pulled down and back for a child younger than 3 years of age, but not
an adult (E).
The nurse is instructing a client in the proper use of a metered-dose inhaler. Which instruction should
the nurse provide the client to ensure the optimal benefits from the drug?
A. "Fill your lungs with air through your mouth and then compress the inhaler."
,B. "Compress the inhaler while slowly breathing in through your mouth."
C. "Compress the inhaler while inhaling quickly through your nose."
D. "Exhale completely after compressing the inhaler and then inhale." - - ✔✔answer B
Rationale: The medication should be inhaled through the mouth simultaneously with compression of the
inhaler. This will facilitate the desired destination of the aerosol medication deep in the lungs for an
optimal bronchodilation effect. Options A, C, and D do not allow for deep lung penetration.
A 20-year-old female client with a noticeable body odor has refused to shower for the last 3 days. She
states, "I have been told that it is harmful to bathe during my period." Which action should the nurse
take first?
A. Accept and document the client's wish to refrain from bathing.
B. Offer to give the client a bed bath, avoiding the perineal area.
C. Obtain written brochures about menstruation to give to the client.
D. Teach the importance of personal hygiene during menstruation with the client. - - ✔✔answer D
Rationale: Because a shower is most beneficial for the client in terms of hygiene, the client should
receive teaching first, respecting any personal beliefs such as cultural or spiritual values. After client
teaching, the client may still choose option A or B. Brochures reinforce the teaching.
While reviewing the side effects of a newly prescribed medication, a 72-year-old client notes that one of
the side effects is a reduction in sexual drive. Which is the best response by the nurse?
A. "How will this affect your present sexual activity?"
B. "How active is your current sex life?"
C. "How has your sex life changed as you have become older?"
D. "Tell me about your sexual needs as an older adult." - - ✔✔answer A
Rationale: Option A offers an open-ended question most relevant to the client's statement. Option B
does not offer the client the opportunity to express concerns. Options C and D are even less relevant to
the client's statement.
The nurse is using the Glasgow Coma Scale to perform a neurologic assessment. A comatose client
winces and pulls away from a painful stimulus. Which action should the nurse take next?
A. Document that the client responds to painful stimulus.
, B. Observe the client's response to verbal stimulation.
C. Place the client on seizure precautions for 24 hours.
D. Report decorticate posturing to the health care provider - - ✔✔answer .A
Rationale: The client has demonstrated a purposeful response to pain, which should be documented as
such. Response to painful stimulus is assessed after response to verbal stimulus, not before. There is no
indication for placing the client on seizure precautions. Reporting decorticate posturing to the health
care provider is nonpurposeful movement.
The nurse plans to administer diazepam, 4 mg IV push, to a client with severe anxiety. How many
milliliters should the nurse administer? (Round to the nearest tenth.)
A. 0.2 mL
B. 0.8 mL
C. 1.25 mL
D. 2.0 mL - - ✔✔answer B
Rationale: (1 mL × 4 mg)/5 mg = 0.8 mL
The nurse prepares to insert a nasogastric tube in a client with hyperemesis who is awake and alert.
Which intervention(s) is(are) correct? (Select all that apply.)
A. Place the client in a high Fowler position.
B. Help the client assume a left side-lying position.
C. Measure the tube from the tip of the nose to the umbilicus.
D. Instruct the client to swallow after the tube has passed the pharynx.
E. Assist the client in extending the neck back so the tube may enter the larynx. - - ✔✔answer A, D
Rationale:
(A and D) are the correct steps to follow during nasogastric intubation. Only the unconscious or
obtunded client should be placed in a left side-lying position (B). The tube should be measured from the
tip of the nose to behind the ear and then from behind the ear to the xiphoid process (C). The neck
should only be extended back prior to the tube passing the pharynx and then the client should be
instructed to position the neck forward (E).
