NTR 108: EXAM 2 (UB) 2025 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
Foods that contain protein - ANS Normal diet:
Poultry (chicken, beef)
Dairy (Egg, milk)
Typically animal products
Vegan diet:
Beans
Nuts
Soy-based products
Grains (Rice)
Structure of proteins - ANS Long chain of amino acids that contain an amine group (Nitrogen
group), carbon skeleton and acid group
How many amino acids are there? (Essential? Non-Essential?) - ANS 20 in total
Essential- 9
Non-essential- 11
What differentiates one protein from another that each protein has its own of? - ANS R-
group
What does the R-group signify? - ANS Each R-group determines the function of the protein
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,Peptide Bond - ANS Bond that links 2 amino acids
Broken during digestion
Dipeptide - ANS two amino acids
Polypeptide - ANS Many amino acids (most our food contains this)
What determines the structure and function of polypeptide? - ANS Specific amino acid
sequence
What is an example of a specific amino acid sequence? - ANS Insulin- made from 51 amino
acids
What does the body need to make the proteins' sequence and from where? - ANS The body
needs a blueprint for the protein which comes from our DNA that is transported by mRNA from
the nucleus.
Structural Description of Proteins - ANS Proteins are complex in that they have a # of amino
acids that may bend and twist with another amino acid
Is protein an essential nutrient? - ANS Yes, protein is an essential nutrient.
Where does the body get the Nitrogen to make non-essential amino acids? - ANS Takes the
Nitrogen from essential amino acids and makes NEAA, which can be used as energy.
NEAA - ANS Made from EAA and can also be used as energy.
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, Functions of Proteins (Structurally) - ANS Structurally it helps in the making of hair, skin,
especially muscle
Function of Protein (Growth)*** - ANS Growth*** anyone who is going through a growing
phase (infant, teenager going through puberty, pregnancy) will need a lot of protein
Function of Protein (Tissue) - ANS Maintenance and repair of body tissues (a cut has to heal
and healing requires a protein called fibrin that clots the area)
Function of Protein (Energy) - ANS 4kcals/g
Minor role*** because that is the main role of carbs and fats (10% proteins, 90% fats/carbs)
Function of Proteins (Hormones) - ANS Regulation of fluid balance (edema)- protein brings
back the fluid into the blood
Helps with blood clotting (fibrin)
Transports protein, like lipoproteins***
^ If we didn't have this protein we wouldn't be able to move fat around the body
Function of Proteins (Enzymes) - ANS Help in digestion mainly
Function of Proteins (Immune Functions) - ANS Antibodies***
Protein Digestion - ANS Stomach- acid*** of stomach is going to straighten bonds to expose
bonds in the protein
Small Intestine- main goal is to convert polypeptides to {dipeptides and single amino acids***]
by intestinal enzymes
Protein Absorption - ANS Small Intestine- Dipeptides and single amino acids are absorbed
actively by secondary active transport which is carried with Na
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AND ANSWERS
Foods that contain protein - ANS Normal diet:
Poultry (chicken, beef)
Dairy (Egg, milk)
Typically animal products
Vegan diet:
Beans
Nuts
Soy-based products
Grains (Rice)
Structure of proteins - ANS Long chain of amino acids that contain an amine group (Nitrogen
group), carbon skeleton and acid group
How many amino acids are there? (Essential? Non-Essential?) - ANS 20 in total
Essential- 9
Non-essential- 11
What differentiates one protein from another that each protein has its own of? - ANS R-
group
What does the R-group signify? - ANS Each R-group determines the function of the protein
1 Copyright ©2025 BRAINBARTER ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Peptide Bond - ANS Bond that links 2 amino acids
Broken during digestion
Dipeptide - ANS two amino acids
Polypeptide - ANS Many amino acids (most our food contains this)
What determines the structure and function of polypeptide? - ANS Specific amino acid
sequence
What is an example of a specific amino acid sequence? - ANS Insulin- made from 51 amino
acids
What does the body need to make the proteins' sequence and from where? - ANS The body
needs a blueprint for the protein which comes from our DNA that is transported by mRNA from
the nucleus.
Structural Description of Proteins - ANS Proteins are complex in that they have a # of amino
acids that may bend and twist with another amino acid
Is protein an essential nutrient? - ANS Yes, protein is an essential nutrient.
Where does the body get the Nitrogen to make non-essential amino acids? - ANS Takes the
Nitrogen from essential amino acids and makes NEAA, which can be used as energy.
NEAA - ANS Made from EAA and can also be used as energy.
2 Copyright ©2025 BRAINBARTER ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Functions of Proteins (Structurally) - ANS Structurally it helps in the making of hair, skin,
especially muscle
Function of Protein (Growth)*** - ANS Growth*** anyone who is going through a growing
phase (infant, teenager going through puberty, pregnancy) will need a lot of protein
Function of Protein (Tissue) - ANS Maintenance and repair of body tissues (a cut has to heal
and healing requires a protein called fibrin that clots the area)
Function of Protein (Energy) - ANS 4kcals/g
Minor role*** because that is the main role of carbs and fats (10% proteins, 90% fats/carbs)
Function of Proteins (Hormones) - ANS Regulation of fluid balance (edema)- protein brings
back the fluid into the blood
Helps with blood clotting (fibrin)
Transports protein, like lipoproteins***
^ If we didn't have this protein we wouldn't be able to move fat around the body
Function of Proteins (Enzymes) - ANS Help in digestion mainly
Function of Proteins (Immune Functions) - ANS Antibodies***
Protein Digestion - ANS Stomach- acid*** of stomach is going to straighten bonds to expose
bonds in the protein
Small Intestine- main goal is to convert polypeptides to {dipeptides and single amino acids***]
by intestinal enzymes
Protein Absorption - ANS Small Intestine- Dipeptides and single amino acids are absorbed
actively by secondary active transport which is carried with Na
3 Copyright ©2025 BRAINBARTER ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
