NSG 530
NSG 530 Pathophysiology Exam 1
Questions with Correct Detailed
Answers 2025
Three major components of EUKARYOTIC cells
1. nucleus
2. cytoplasm
3. cell membrane
nucleus
- the control center
- stores DNA
- DNA contains codes for proteins
cytoplasm
- contains water, electrolytes, proteins, and fats
cell membrane
- semipermeable phospholipid bilayer
- only fats and small "pieces" can pass
- have protein receptor sites
Ribosomes (organelle)
- site for protein synthesis
mitochondria
-creates energy (ATP)
-power house of the cell
endoplasmic reticulum
- procudues other substances in the cell such as fats and enzymes
-ribosomes can attach (rough ER)
golgi apparatus
NSG 530
,NSG 530
packages substances that are to be excreted form the cell
lysosomes
breaks down substances to be used again
peroxisomes
breaks down toxins in the cell
microtubules
1. cilia: move and filter substances
2. flagella: move sperm forward
membrane receptors
open and close channels allowing substances to pass through
PASSIVE cellular transport
- uses no energy
ACTIVE cellular transport
-uses energy (ATP)
-sodium potassium pump
-endocytosis: "sucks in"
-exocytosis: spits out
Sodium potassium pump
balances sodium and potassium on both sides of a cell
Diffusion
movement of SOLUTES from high to low concentration
osmosis
movement of WATER or another SOLVENT to high solute concentrations
facilitated diffusion
molecules move from low to high concentration with the help of a carrier molecule
SOLUTIONS INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF CELLS NEED TO BE BALANCED
NSG 530
, NSG 530
solution
solvent with a solute dissolved in it
Mitosis
- a form of cell division
- end result is two daughter cells with a total of 46 chromosomes (also called a
DIPLOID cell)
Meiosis
- cell division for sperm and ova
-sperm bring half and ova bring half to total 23 chromosomes
-also called a HAPLOID cell
cell differentiation
-fertilized cells become more specialized as they mature to organs
-begins after fertilization
cell atrophy
decreased workload - decreased size of organelles - decreased energy use =
decreased functionality of disease
(EX: wearing a cast; when the cast is removed, the extremity is smaller)
cell hypertrophy
increased workload - increased SIZE of organelles - increased contractility =
decreased functionality of disease
-this can be a normal thing, but happens with diseases
(EX: atherosclerosis: heart works harder to pump blood)
cell hyperplasia
increased workload of physiologic state - increased tissue size by NUMBER OF
CELLS = increased functionality
1. compensatory: EX: taking notes
2. hormonal: shedding uterine lining
cell metaplasia
NSG 530
NSG 530 Pathophysiology Exam 1
Questions with Correct Detailed
Answers 2025
Three major components of EUKARYOTIC cells
1. nucleus
2. cytoplasm
3. cell membrane
nucleus
- the control center
- stores DNA
- DNA contains codes for proteins
cytoplasm
- contains water, electrolytes, proteins, and fats
cell membrane
- semipermeable phospholipid bilayer
- only fats and small "pieces" can pass
- have protein receptor sites
Ribosomes (organelle)
- site for protein synthesis
mitochondria
-creates energy (ATP)
-power house of the cell
endoplasmic reticulum
- procudues other substances in the cell such as fats and enzymes
-ribosomes can attach (rough ER)
golgi apparatus
NSG 530
,NSG 530
packages substances that are to be excreted form the cell
lysosomes
breaks down substances to be used again
peroxisomes
breaks down toxins in the cell
microtubules
1. cilia: move and filter substances
2. flagella: move sperm forward
membrane receptors
open and close channels allowing substances to pass through
PASSIVE cellular transport
- uses no energy
ACTIVE cellular transport
-uses energy (ATP)
-sodium potassium pump
-endocytosis: "sucks in"
-exocytosis: spits out
Sodium potassium pump
balances sodium and potassium on both sides of a cell
Diffusion
movement of SOLUTES from high to low concentration
osmosis
movement of WATER or another SOLVENT to high solute concentrations
facilitated diffusion
molecules move from low to high concentration with the help of a carrier molecule
SOLUTIONS INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF CELLS NEED TO BE BALANCED
NSG 530
, NSG 530
solution
solvent with a solute dissolved in it
Mitosis
- a form of cell division
- end result is two daughter cells with a total of 46 chromosomes (also called a
DIPLOID cell)
Meiosis
- cell division for sperm and ova
-sperm bring half and ova bring half to total 23 chromosomes
-also called a HAPLOID cell
cell differentiation
-fertilized cells become more specialized as they mature to organs
-begins after fertilization
cell atrophy
decreased workload - decreased size of organelles - decreased energy use =
decreased functionality of disease
(EX: wearing a cast; when the cast is removed, the extremity is smaller)
cell hypertrophy
increased workload - increased SIZE of organelles - increased contractility =
decreased functionality of disease
-this can be a normal thing, but happens with diseases
(EX: atherosclerosis: heart works harder to pump blood)
cell hyperplasia
increased workload of physiologic state - increased tissue size by NUMBER OF
CELLS = increased functionality
1. compensatory: EX: taking notes
2. hormonal: shedding uterine lining
cell metaplasia
NSG 530
