Public Health 200 Exam 1Complete Assignment Questions Answers Already Passed.

What are the 3 core functions of public health? - correct answer 1. Assessment: data collection, analysis of findings 2. Policy Development: use of political process, use of knowledge 3. Assurance: assuring needed services are available, requiring actions through law or regulation What are the measures of public health? - correct answer 1. Infant mortality- number of deaths of children under the age 1, per 1000 life deaths 2. Life expectancy: at birth: average number of years a newborn is supposed to live if current mortality rates continue 3. Death rates: overall death rates number per 100,000 in a given year Whats the difference between a health difference and a health disparity? - correct answer Health Difference: measurable difference in health conditions compared to the general population; health inequality Health Disparity: Type of health difference linked to economic, social, environment disadvantage; health inequity What is population health? - correct answer The health outcomes of a group of individuals. Takes into account risk factors and their distribution What is the epidemiological transition? - correct answer Infectious disease rates decrease; non-infectious/ chronic disease rates increase. What is the difference between race and ethnicity? - correct answer Race refers to physical characteristics, and ethnicity refers to cultural characteristics. Neither are bioloigcally based. What is the difference between Medicaid and Medicare? - correct answer Medicaid is insurance and nursing home care for the poor. Medicare is health insurance for the elderly. What are the 4 major epidemiological study designs? - correct answer 1. Randomized control trials 2.Cohort studies 3.Case-control studies 4.Cross-sectional studies What is a randomized controlled trial? - correct answer Population is split into 2 groups by random assortment. One is controlled, one is experimented on. Both outcomes are recorded. What is a cohort study? - correct answer An observational study. Establishes two group: exposed and unexposed and by the end everyone is disease free. Studies the effects of a particular exposure or intervention. Over-time follow up. What is a case-control study? - correct answer Observational study where 2 groups that have different outcomes (diseased and not diseased) are compared to find a causal factor. Good for studying rare outcomes and diseases. Subject to recall bias What is a cross-sectional study? - correct answer Exposure and outcome are measured simultaneously at a particular point (snapshot study). Very common, low cost. Con: cant establish temporality What is selection bias? - correct answer refers to bias in how and who the people are chosen to participate What is recall bias? - correct answer when the knowledge of the presence of a disorder alters recall by subjects, is it accurate? What does confounding mean in research? - correct answer is a distortion in the association between the exposure and disease presented by a third variable.It can cause you to over- or under-estimate the association. What is the difference between prevalence and incidence? - correct answer Prevalence: how many total people have the condition? expressed as a % at a point in time Incidence: how many new people developed the condition in a period of time? expressed as a rate (function of time) What is surveillance? - correct answer Public health surveillance is the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data essential to planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. What is an endemic? - correct answer The usual occurrence of diseases within the same geographic area and time period What is an epidemic? - correct answer The occurrence of an infectious disease in excess of normal expectancy What is a pandemic? - correct answer a worldwide epidemic affecting an exceptionally high proportion of the global population What is the difference between relative risk and absolute risk? - correct answer Relative risk: compares the risk of an outcome between exposed and unexposed groups Absolute risk: refers to the actual probability of an outcome occurring in a specific group regardless of any other factors. What is a chronic disease? And the 7 classified by the CDC - correct answer - A health condition or disease that is persistent or otherwise long-lasting in its effects or a disease that comes with time, non-communable?, limit activites? - Heart Disease, Cancer, Stroke, Diabetes, Chronic Lung Disease, Chronic Kidney Disease, Alzheimers What are the four outcomes of an infectious disease? - correct answer No infection Carrier, no illness Subclinical Clinical infection What are the 3 periods of an infectious disease? - correct answer Incubation: Incubation period is the time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism, a chemical, or radiation, and when symptoms and signs are first apparent Latent: time interval between when an individual or host is infected by a pathogen and when that individual becomes infectious Infectious: time interval during which a host is infectious, i.e. capable of directly or indirectly transmitting pathogenic infectious agents or pathogens to another susceptible host What was the miasma theory? - correct answer it was the idea that bad or dirty air infected people with disease What was the germ theory? - correct answer the theory that infectious diseases are caused by certain microbes What are the 4 criteria that an organism is causing a disease? - correct answer 1. Agent must be absent in healthy individuals, and present in sick 2. Agent must be isolated and grown in culture 3. Agent must cause the same disease when inoculated into a healthy individual 4. Same agent must be re isolated from the diseased organism What are factors leading to the (re)emergence of infectious disease? - correct answer Urbanization and crowding Increasing mobility Increasing pollutants Potential for bio terror Effects of global warming Increasing human contact with the environment Diseases are caused by - correct answer bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions How can diseases be transmitted? - correct answer Directly (person to person: touch sneeze, sex) or indirectly (food, water, vector) Stages of vaccine development - correct answer 1 Exploration 2 Pre-clinical tests 3 Clinical tests 4 Regulatory approval 5 Production 6 Quality Control What is the rationale for government intervention? - correct answer 1 Prevent persons from causing harm to others 2 Prevent persons from causing harm to themselves 3 Defend the interests of persons incapable of making fully informed, rational decisions What is the difference between prevalence and incidence? - correct answer Prevalence: number or count of existing cases in a population Incidence: new or emergent cases in a population within a given amount of time What is public health? - correct answer The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts focusing on communities and groups of people rather than individuals. Important: value driven Why is public health controversial? - correct answer -economic impact -individual liberties -moral concerns How do we define health? - correct answer Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Focuses on individual, little to no quantifiable measurement What is population health? - correct answer The health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group. Included measurements of health outcomes, risk factors, or determinants Unnatural causes video - correct answer Jim Taylor: white, ceo of hospital, lives in nice area, limited stress from job Tondra Young: head of research unit good pay Corey Anderson: cleaner at hospital, not the best neighborhood Mary Turner: poverty, many health problems, bad neighborhood Main idea: Whether measured by income, education, or occupation, those at the top have the most power and resources and, on average, live longer and healthier lives• Those at the bottom are most disempowered and get sicker and die younger• The rest of us fall somewhere in between• Even among people who smoke, poor smokers tend to have worse health than rich smokers What is socioeconomic status (SES)? - correct answer the social standing or class of an individual or group. It is often measured as a combination of education, income and occupation. What are the 6 main areas of population health in the federal government? - correct answer Policy making Financing Public health protection Direct management of services Collection and dissemination of health delivery systems Capacity building population health The Us congress is involved in public health in which two ways? - correct answer Commerce power Power to tax and spend What is epidemiology? - correct answer The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this