Anatomy 101 – Ivy Tech Community College – Midterm Exam Review
and Study
Define anatomy. Define physiology. Understand how the two terms are different but "go
together." - correct answer Anatomy- The study of the body structure.
Physiology- The study of body function.
The structure of organs determines their function.
List the levels of organization from lowest level to highest level.
Define each of the levels. - correct answer Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system,
organism.
Cell - correct answer The basic unit of structure and function in all organisms.
All living things consist of cells.
List the environmental factors which are requirements of organisms - correct answer Water,
food, oxygen, heat, pressure
Define homeostasis - correct answer The maintenance of a stable internal environment.
Why is homeostasis important? - correct answer It keeps internal conditions stable for survival
and function.
What systems control homeostasis? How do they control it? - correct answer The nervous and
endocrine systems detect changes and respond with impulses or hormones.
Name the 3 parts of a homeostatic mechanism - correct answer Receptor (detects change),
control center (processes info), effector (carries out response).
Explain what a negative feedback mechanism is and why it is important. - correct answer It
reverses a change to keep a variable within normal limits. It maintains stability. (ex. body
temperature).
Explain what a positive feedback mechanism is and why they aren't common in the human
body. - correct answer It amplifies a change and is usually short-term. Rare because it can push
body out of balance. (ex. childbirth)
Be able to give examples of negative and positive feedback mechanisms in the body. - correct
answer Negative: body temp regulation, blood sugar levels.
Positive: childbirth, blood clotting.
Define the axial and appendicular portions of the body - correct answer Axial: Head, neck, trunk
,Appendicular: Limbs (arms and legs)
List the major cavities of the body and explain what is contained within those cavities. - correct
answer Cranial (brain)
Vertebral (spinal cord)
Thoracic (heart, lungs)
Abdominopelvic (digestive organs, bladder)
Explain where the diaphragm and mediastinum are located - correct answer Diaphragm:
Muscle separating thoracic and abdominal cavities.
Mediastinum: Space between lungs containing heart, trachea
Define serous membrane - correct answer Thin tissue lining body cavities and covering organs,
secretes fluid to reduce friction.
Explain the difference between a visceral layer and parietal layer of a serous membrane. -
correct answer Visceral- Covers organs directly.
Parietal- Lines the body cavity wall
Explain anatomical position - correct answer Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides
with palms facing forward and feet flat.
Explain the difference between a sagittal section, transverse/horizontal section, and a
coronal/frontal section.
Explain the difference between a cross section, oblique section, and longitudinal section. -
correct answer Sagittal- Left/right
Transverse/Horizontal- Top/bottom
Coronal/Frontal- front/back
Cross- Perpendicular
Oblique- Diagonal
Longitudinal- Lengthwise
Define (explain where they are) and be able to identify from a picture the hypochondriac
region, epigastric region, umbilical region, lateral region, inguinal region, pubic region, right
upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, and left lower quadrant. - correct
answer These are regions of the abdomen used to locate organs or pain.
, Explain why it's important to study chemistry and understand that everything (in the body and
in the world) is made of chemicals. - correct answer Chemical reactions power all body
functions-from digestion to nerve signaling to muscle contraction.
Define matter, element, compound, and atoms. - correct answer Matter- Anything with mass.
Element- Pure substance of one type of atom.
Compound- Two or more elements chemically combined.
Atoms- Smallest unit of matter.
Explain basic characteristics of electrons, protons, and neutrons. - correct answer Protons (+)
and neutrons (0) are in the nucleus.
Electrons (-) orbit in shells.
Protons define the element.
Explain the difference between a molecule and a compound. - correct answer A molecule is two
or more atoms bonded together.
A compound is a molecule made of different elements.
What does a molecular formula show you? - correct answer It shows the types and numbers of
atoms in a molecule.
(Ex. H2O has 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen)
Define ion, cation, anion, and ionic bond. - correct answer Ion- Charged atom.
Cation- Positive ion.
Anion- Negative ion.
Ionic bond- Attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Define covalent bond. - correct answer A chemical bond where atoms share pairs of electrons.
Explain the difference between polar and nonpolar. - correct answer Polar- Unequal sharing of
electrons (charged regions).
Nonpolar- Equal sharing (no charge difference).
Define hydrogen bonds. - correct answer Weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and an
electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen.
List the atoms and relative proportions by mass that make up the human body. - correct
answer Mostly oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen- these elements make up about 96% of
body mass.
and Study
Define anatomy. Define physiology. Understand how the two terms are different but "go
together." - correct answer Anatomy- The study of the body structure.
Physiology- The study of body function.
The structure of organs determines their function.
List the levels of organization from lowest level to highest level.
Define each of the levels. - correct answer Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system,
organism.
Cell - correct answer The basic unit of structure and function in all organisms.
All living things consist of cells.
List the environmental factors which are requirements of organisms - correct answer Water,
food, oxygen, heat, pressure
Define homeostasis - correct answer The maintenance of a stable internal environment.
Why is homeostasis important? - correct answer It keeps internal conditions stable for survival
and function.
What systems control homeostasis? How do they control it? - correct answer The nervous and
endocrine systems detect changes and respond with impulses or hormones.
Name the 3 parts of a homeostatic mechanism - correct answer Receptor (detects change),
control center (processes info), effector (carries out response).
Explain what a negative feedback mechanism is and why it is important. - correct answer It
reverses a change to keep a variable within normal limits. It maintains stability. (ex. body
temperature).
Explain what a positive feedback mechanism is and why they aren't common in the human
body. - correct answer It amplifies a change and is usually short-term. Rare because it can push
body out of balance. (ex. childbirth)
Be able to give examples of negative and positive feedback mechanisms in the body. - correct
answer Negative: body temp regulation, blood sugar levels.
Positive: childbirth, blood clotting.
Define the axial and appendicular portions of the body - correct answer Axial: Head, neck, trunk
,Appendicular: Limbs (arms and legs)
List the major cavities of the body and explain what is contained within those cavities. - correct
answer Cranial (brain)
Vertebral (spinal cord)
Thoracic (heart, lungs)
Abdominopelvic (digestive organs, bladder)
Explain where the diaphragm and mediastinum are located - correct answer Diaphragm:
Muscle separating thoracic and abdominal cavities.
Mediastinum: Space between lungs containing heart, trachea
Define serous membrane - correct answer Thin tissue lining body cavities and covering organs,
secretes fluid to reduce friction.
Explain the difference between a visceral layer and parietal layer of a serous membrane. -
correct answer Visceral- Covers organs directly.
Parietal- Lines the body cavity wall
Explain anatomical position - correct answer Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides
with palms facing forward and feet flat.
Explain the difference between a sagittal section, transverse/horizontal section, and a
coronal/frontal section.
Explain the difference between a cross section, oblique section, and longitudinal section. -
correct answer Sagittal- Left/right
Transverse/Horizontal- Top/bottom
Coronal/Frontal- front/back
Cross- Perpendicular
Oblique- Diagonal
Longitudinal- Lengthwise
Define (explain where they are) and be able to identify from a picture the hypochondriac
region, epigastric region, umbilical region, lateral region, inguinal region, pubic region, right
upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, and left lower quadrant. - correct
answer These are regions of the abdomen used to locate organs or pain.
, Explain why it's important to study chemistry and understand that everything (in the body and
in the world) is made of chemicals. - correct answer Chemical reactions power all body
functions-from digestion to nerve signaling to muscle contraction.
Define matter, element, compound, and atoms. - correct answer Matter- Anything with mass.
Element- Pure substance of one type of atom.
Compound- Two or more elements chemically combined.
Atoms- Smallest unit of matter.
Explain basic characteristics of electrons, protons, and neutrons. - correct answer Protons (+)
and neutrons (0) are in the nucleus.
Electrons (-) orbit in shells.
Protons define the element.
Explain the difference between a molecule and a compound. - correct answer A molecule is two
or more atoms bonded together.
A compound is a molecule made of different elements.
What does a molecular formula show you? - correct answer It shows the types and numbers of
atoms in a molecule.
(Ex. H2O has 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen)
Define ion, cation, anion, and ionic bond. - correct answer Ion- Charged atom.
Cation- Positive ion.
Anion- Negative ion.
Ionic bond- Attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Define covalent bond. - correct answer A chemical bond where atoms share pairs of electrons.
Explain the difference between polar and nonpolar. - correct answer Polar- Unequal sharing of
electrons (charged regions).
Nonpolar- Equal sharing (no charge difference).
Define hydrogen bonds. - correct answer Weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and an
electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen.
List the atoms and relative proportions by mass that make up the human body. - correct
answer Mostly oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen- these elements make up about 96% of
body mass.
