Topic I : Genes and Evolution
violent
genes
:
Genetic basis :
70 's no , environment Violent ? seventies : no ! determined
genes behaviour
: →
is
by
°
90 's :
yes environment
Now : both nineties ! environment doesn't matter
yes
:
today :
result of interaction between
genes
Human cells : and environment
⇐ NYE
-
Human cells : have a nucleus ,
each nucleus contains
23 pairs of chromosomes (46) ,
each chromosome carries
a strand of DNA in the double helix structure , which each
23 pairs consists of a backbone made of alternating groups of
and
✓
Each
phosphate sugars
.
sugar has one of four
nitrogen s
guanine CG)
attached to it adenine CA) , thymine CT)
:
, ,
cytosine CC) The two strands of DNA are held up by consistent
g¥§
double helix .
bonds formed by base pairs ( adenine es thymine) ( guanine
cytosine)
to .
These bases encode valuable
genetic information,
called
genes .
Genes
'
:
'
meaningful sections of DNA molecule
Genes
meaningful govern cell 's function by instructing the protein creation
-
:
,
instructs protein
-
production of protein occurs in ribosomes
creation .
Gene expression
-
if a gene is turned on or
off
Gene expression the extent to which a is transcribed into a
sequence
gene
-
:
decides if amino acids ( protein)
a
gene of
is turned off or -
that is
any skin cells t brain cells
certain attach
on ,
controlled by
.
Methylation :
methyl cells to the genes to
environment turn them off
controlled biochemical environment inside the cell
by
'
Genotype specific which is influenced by factors ( e.g environment outside
-
: .
set of the cell overall environment ,
genes , timing in development ,
experience ,
behaviour ) .
phenotype :
Spielman ( 19677 :
study about cell formation and
-
environ
genotype + .
environment
Genotype
-
'
an organisms specific set of genes
'
phenotype
-
-
overt traits and behaviours of an
organism
determined environment
by genotype
-
x
Debate about violent
genes is studied until today .
Genes govern what happens to our cells in our bodies
Crne decides cells function
expression now are
going to
,Monozygotic Monozygotic twins have same
genotype but vary in
phenotype
-
: :
identical .
Our
genes come from our parents
Ft(⇐BE¥/ ¥
46
17 Egg 23 chromosomes Chromosomes
:
> baby
'
:
23
homozygote sperm : chromosomes
.
allele Each gene is paired with another
.
Y]Eog¥q
heterozygote
-
Located at corresponding positions on pairs of chromosomes
l l
l l
allele Allele specific variant
Ly of
one a
gene
:
-
Dominant their effect even if the individual
'
: show has
Dominant : brown only one copy )
(heterozygote
eyes Recessive only if individual has both copies
.
: show the
Recessive : blue eyes ( homozygote)
A specific trait behaviour is determined interaction
or
by the
-
Behaviour trait : between the environment and
dictated
by one
gene pair OR
-
environment + Cone -
multiple gene pairs
:
paygenetic inheritance
specific gene OR The genome ( organisms complete DNA) shaped by
-
'
set of is
multiple gene pairs) evolution (Darwin 1859)
hypothesized modern
organisms
'
Darwin that all
-
Evolution to occur : .
are descended from a small set of shared ancestors
°
Variation have
merged time
through evolution
i
over
C differential
Higher rates of Evolution : natural selection survival and
- '
survival phenotype)
t
iprodeection due to
reproduction three conditions
-
:
Trait (
genotype) variation among individuals of a population
^ .
is passed on
-
individuals with these traits survive and reproduce
at
higher rates than others
survival of the trait is passed generations
'
the therefore on to newer
-
- -
is and better represented
genes more
important Trait
'
genotype
-
-
-
survival of the genes
> survival of individuals
Evidence for erol Evidence evolutionary
-
modern
theory
:
.
for :
°
Fossil records '
Fossil records → snows that Earth is
very old ,
explains the
(microscopic) different types of flava & fauna
Resemblance various
Resemblance between
organisms
•
genomes
'
of
between species .
Anthropoid apes
=
humans
pseudogenes Apes 24 pairs
•
have human chromosomes made
-
→ are
Distribution Of (fused evolution)
•
2
up of ape chromosomes during
species pseudogenes
-
Genes that don't do (e.g GIOA enzyme glucose
anything
'
.
→
vitamin c )
Evolution was very critised ,
but with time , if has been proven over
and over .
Darwin knew nothing about genes when he made his theory .
, distribution species around the world
-
of
continental ± oceanic
-
-
oceanic islands were never connected to the
continent
( continental) while
japan has
many species hawaii
-
( oceanic) had basic species ( aquatic because
they
could reach
by )
sea
People skeptical evolution
-
are about
'
Evolution adapts organisms t improve
Genes and behaviour
continuous -
Nature (genes) vs Nurture ( environment)
interaction between -
Irrelevant → continuous interaction between the two
-1 environment How specific environments
genes our
genes are expressed in
-
dictate who we determine who we are
and
are MAOA gene environment on
aggressive behaviour
-
-
Gene comes in the corms :
MAOA
gene leads to
high levels MAO
:
one of
-
low levels of '
other leads to low levels
MAO protein t
Measured children mistreated their
.
union were
by
maltreatment -
-
parents
more violent t Results showed that participants that had low MAOA
'
more likely to and were maltreated were much more violent than
be arrested for others .
Violent crimes
genes necessarily
.
. : a violent person does not have violent ,
it is interaction and environment
an between
genes .
Your genes limit can be and
who
you your
environment decides within that limit who are
, ,
you
going to become .
, Topic 2 :
the Brain and the Nervous system
Peripheral : all Introduction
other nerves Genes shape nervous
system
-
our
-
central nervous system : brain + spinal cord
N S (support)
:
glia peripheral all other nerves in the
body
:
n s
-
. - .
.
+ neurons (transmit -
Brain determines our behaviour
information Building blocks of the nervous system
Made up of the basic cells
-
:
Dendrites : receive '
Glia :
supportive function
'
Neurons : receive and transmit information through
Axioms :
transmit eeetricae signals
-
cell body : contains nucleus
Types of neurons
: -
Dendrites : receive signals
-
sensory ( physical -
Axons :
transmits signal
stimulus → electrical Different types
-
of neurons :
signals) sensory receptors capable of translating physical
-
:
( carries touch)
sensory eeetricae Ce g
-
stimulus into
signals -
.
info TO CNS) sensory (
afferent) carries
-
neurons :
information to the
motor ( carries central
-
nervous system
info FROM )
CNS -
Motor C
efferent neurons) : carries information from
Interneurons cells
-
CNS to muscle
(in between -
.
interneurons : in between afferent and efferent , they
located in CNS) make connections in the CNS
communication among neurons
communication : -
covered
by fatty membrane that is semi -
permeable
-
neuron is semi - -
when neuron is at rest there is a p - d . between the
permeable outside and inside of the cell →
different number of
rest 70mV
:
negatively and positively charged molecules
• -
inside
rely charged At potential
: mV
rest 70
resting
-
.
: -
→
stimulated -140mV inside
negatively charged
-
:
-
=
inside
they charged stimulated p d between outside and inside
:
-
: - .
may
change p in d
change fire action potential generated
-
→ →
may
- .
occurs
locally stimulated -140mV →
inside +
rely charged
.
:
-
rest : Nat out ,
i
change in p.d. occurs locally at some place in
Kt in the i. travels through the
membrane ,
e .
the voltage
stimulated Natin
-
membrane propagation
: =
,
Kt alt .
Membrane has ion channels :
-
Rest : Nat pumped out and K+ seeps in
stimulated Nat flows in immediately after
'
:
,
Nat channels close and K+ is
pumped out
violent
genes
:
Genetic basis :
70 's no , environment Violent ? seventies : no ! determined
genes behaviour
: →
is
by
°
90 's :
yes environment
Now : both nineties ! environment doesn't matter
yes
:
today :
result of interaction between
genes
Human cells : and environment
⇐ NYE
-
Human cells : have a nucleus ,
each nucleus contains
23 pairs of chromosomes (46) ,
each chromosome carries
a strand of DNA in the double helix structure , which each
23 pairs consists of a backbone made of alternating groups of
and
✓
Each
phosphate sugars
.
sugar has one of four
nitrogen s
guanine CG)
attached to it adenine CA) , thymine CT)
:
, ,
cytosine CC) The two strands of DNA are held up by consistent
g¥§
double helix .
bonds formed by base pairs ( adenine es thymine) ( guanine
cytosine)
to .
These bases encode valuable
genetic information,
called
genes .
Genes
'
:
'
meaningful sections of DNA molecule
Genes
meaningful govern cell 's function by instructing the protein creation
-
:
,
instructs protein
-
production of protein occurs in ribosomes
creation .
Gene expression
-
if a gene is turned on or
off
Gene expression the extent to which a is transcribed into a
sequence
gene
-
:
decides if amino acids ( protein)
a
gene of
is turned off or -
that is
any skin cells t brain cells
certain attach
on ,
controlled by
.
Methylation :
methyl cells to the genes to
environment turn them off
controlled biochemical environment inside the cell
by
'
Genotype specific which is influenced by factors ( e.g environment outside
-
: .
set of the cell overall environment ,
genes , timing in development ,
experience ,
behaviour ) .
phenotype :
Spielman ( 19677 :
study about cell formation and
-
environ
genotype + .
environment
Genotype
-
'
an organisms specific set of genes
'
phenotype
-
-
overt traits and behaviours of an
organism
determined environment
by genotype
-
x
Debate about violent
genes is studied until today .
Genes govern what happens to our cells in our bodies
Crne decides cells function
expression now are
going to
,Monozygotic Monozygotic twins have same
genotype but vary in
phenotype
-
: :
identical .
Our
genes come from our parents
Ft(⇐BE¥/ ¥
46
17 Egg 23 chromosomes Chromosomes
:
> baby
'
:
23
homozygote sperm : chromosomes
.
allele Each gene is paired with another
.
Y]Eog¥q
heterozygote
-
Located at corresponding positions on pairs of chromosomes
l l
l l
allele Allele specific variant
Ly of
one a
gene
:
-
Dominant their effect even if the individual
'
: show has
Dominant : brown only one copy )
(heterozygote
eyes Recessive only if individual has both copies
.
: show the
Recessive : blue eyes ( homozygote)
A specific trait behaviour is determined interaction
or
by the
-
Behaviour trait : between the environment and
dictated
by one
gene pair OR
-
environment + Cone -
multiple gene pairs
:
paygenetic inheritance
specific gene OR The genome ( organisms complete DNA) shaped by
-
'
set of is
multiple gene pairs) evolution (Darwin 1859)
hypothesized modern
organisms
'
Darwin that all
-
Evolution to occur : .
are descended from a small set of shared ancestors
°
Variation have
merged time
through evolution
i
over
C differential
Higher rates of Evolution : natural selection survival and
- '
survival phenotype)
t
iprodeection due to
reproduction three conditions
-
:
Trait (
genotype) variation among individuals of a population
^ .
is passed on
-
individuals with these traits survive and reproduce
at
higher rates than others
survival of the trait is passed generations
'
the therefore on to newer
-
- -
is and better represented
genes more
important Trait
'
genotype
-
-
-
survival of the genes
> survival of individuals
Evidence for erol Evidence evolutionary
-
modern
theory
:
.
for :
°
Fossil records '
Fossil records → snows that Earth is
very old ,
explains the
(microscopic) different types of flava & fauna
Resemblance various
Resemblance between
organisms
•
genomes
'
of
between species .
Anthropoid apes
=
humans
pseudogenes Apes 24 pairs
•
have human chromosomes made
-
→ are
Distribution Of (fused evolution)
•
2
up of ape chromosomes during
species pseudogenes
-
Genes that don't do (e.g GIOA enzyme glucose
anything
'
.
→
vitamin c )
Evolution was very critised ,
but with time , if has been proven over
and over .
Darwin knew nothing about genes when he made his theory .
, distribution species around the world
-
of
continental ± oceanic
-
-
oceanic islands were never connected to the
continent
( continental) while
japan has
many species hawaii
-
( oceanic) had basic species ( aquatic because
they
could reach
by )
sea
People skeptical evolution
-
are about
'
Evolution adapts organisms t improve
Genes and behaviour
continuous -
Nature (genes) vs Nurture ( environment)
interaction between -
Irrelevant → continuous interaction between the two
-1 environment How specific environments
genes our
genes are expressed in
-
dictate who we determine who we are
and
are MAOA gene environment on
aggressive behaviour
-
-
Gene comes in the corms :
MAOA
gene leads to
high levels MAO
:
one of
-
low levels of '
other leads to low levels
MAO protein t
Measured children mistreated their
.
union were
by
maltreatment -
-
parents
more violent t Results showed that participants that had low MAOA
'
more likely to and were maltreated were much more violent than
be arrested for others .
Violent crimes
genes necessarily
.
. : a violent person does not have violent ,
it is interaction and environment
an between
genes .
Your genes limit can be and
who
you your
environment decides within that limit who are
, ,
you
going to become .
, Topic 2 :
the Brain and the Nervous system
Peripheral : all Introduction
other nerves Genes shape nervous
system
-
our
-
central nervous system : brain + spinal cord
N S (support)
:
glia peripheral all other nerves in the
body
:
n s
-
. - .
.
+ neurons (transmit -
Brain determines our behaviour
information Building blocks of the nervous system
Made up of the basic cells
-
:
Dendrites : receive '
Glia :
supportive function
'
Neurons : receive and transmit information through
Axioms :
transmit eeetricae signals
-
cell body : contains nucleus
Types of neurons
: -
Dendrites : receive signals
-
sensory ( physical -
Axons :
transmits signal
stimulus → electrical Different types
-
of neurons :
signals) sensory receptors capable of translating physical
-
:
( carries touch)
sensory eeetricae Ce g
-
stimulus into
signals -
.
info TO CNS) sensory (
afferent) carries
-
neurons :
information to the
motor ( carries central
-
nervous system
info FROM )
CNS -
Motor C
efferent neurons) : carries information from
Interneurons cells
-
CNS to muscle
(in between -
.
interneurons : in between afferent and efferent , they
located in CNS) make connections in the CNS
communication among neurons
communication : -
covered
by fatty membrane that is semi -
permeable
-
neuron is semi - -
when neuron is at rest there is a p - d . between the
permeable outside and inside of the cell →
different number of
rest 70mV
:
negatively and positively charged molecules
• -
inside
rely charged At potential
: mV
rest 70
resting
-
.
: -
→
stimulated -140mV inside
negatively charged
-
:
-
=
inside
they charged stimulated p d between outside and inside
:
-
: - .
may
change p in d
change fire action potential generated
-
→ →
may
- .
occurs
locally stimulated -140mV →
inside +
rely charged
.
:
-
rest : Nat out ,
i
change in p.d. occurs locally at some place in
Kt in the i. travels through the
membrane ,
e .
the voltage
stimulated Natin
-
membrane propagation
: =
,
Kt alt .
Membrane has ion channels :
-
Rest : Nat pumped out and K+ seeps in
stimulated Nat flows in immediately after
'
:
,
Nat channels close and K+ is
pumped out
