Introduction to Human Anatomy (BIO 231) –
Portland Community College Verified Practice
Questions with A+ Answers | Final Exam Guide
FOR 2025/2026 (the most recent quizzes)
upper trapezius - -Nerve:*accessory nerve* (motor)
-Actions: *scapula eleavtion*
-origin occipital bone, nuchal ligament on upper cervical spinous processes
-insertion outer third of clavicle, acrominon process
trapezius - -Origin spinous processes of vertebrae C1-T12
-Insertion external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, medial superior nuchal line, posterior
border of the lateral third of the clavicle, acromion process, and spine of scapula
-Nerve accessory nerve (motor)
cervical spinal nerves C3 and C4 (motor and sensation)
-*Actions* rotation, retraction, elevation, and depression of scapula
-*Antagonist*
=serratus anterior muscle,
=Latissimus dorsi
levator scapulae - -Origin:Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1 - C4 vertebrae
-Insertion:Superior part of medial border of scapula
,-Nerve cervical nerve; (C3, C4) and dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
-*Actions*: Elevates scapula and downward rotation
*latissimus dorsi* - -Origin: Spinous processes of vertebrae T7-L5, thoracolumbar fascia,
iliac crest, inferior 3 or 4 ribs and *inferior angle of scapula*
-Insertion:Floor of intertubercular *groove of the humerus*
-Nerve: *Thoracodorsal nerve*
-*Actions*: Adducts, extends and internally rotates the arm when the insertion is moved towards
the origin.
-*Antagonist*: Deltoid and trapezius muscle
*pectoralis major* - -Origin:
=Clavicular head: anterior border of the *medial half of the clavicle*.
=Sternocostal head: anterior surface of the sternum, the superior six costal cartilages, and the
aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
-Insertion: Lateral lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus
(anteromedial proximal humerus)
-Nerve: lateral pectoral nerve and medial pectoral nerve
=Clavicular head: C5 and C6
=Sternocostal head: C7, C8 and T1
-Actions:
, =Clavicular head: *flexes the humerus*
=Sternocostal head: *extends the humerus. As a whole, adducts and medially rotates the
humerus*. It also draws the scapula anteriorly and inferiorly.
pectoralis minor - -Origin; Third to fifth ribs, near their costal cartilages
-Insertion: Medial border and superior surface of the coracoid process of the scapula
-Nerve: *Medial pectoral nerve* (C8, T1)
-Actions: Stabilizes the scapula by drawing it *inferiorly and anteriorly* against the thoracic
wall, *raises ribs in inspiration*
lower trapezius - -O: spinous processes of middle and lower thoracic vertebra
-I:spine medial nagle
-F: depression of scapula
*serratus anterior* - -Origin: fleshy slips from the outer surface of upper 8 or 9 ribs
-Insertion: costal aspect of medial margin of the scapula
-Nerve: *long thoracic nerve* (from roots of brachial plexus C5, 6, 7)
-*Actions*: protracts and stabilizes scapula, assists in upward rotation.
-*Antagonist*: Rhomboid major, Rhomboid minor, Trapezius
*rhomboids* - -Origin nuchal ligaments, spinous processes of the C7 to T5 vertebrae
Portland Community College Verified Practice
Questions with A+ Answers | Final Exam Guide
FOR 2025/2026 (the most recent quizzes)
upper trapezius - -Nerve:*accessory nerve* (motor)
-Actions: *scapula eleavtion*
-origin occipital bone, nuchal ligament on upper cervical spinous processes
-insertion outer third of clavicle, acrominon process
trapezius - -Origin spinous processes of vertebrae C1-T12
-Insertion external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, medial superior nuchal line, posterior
border of the lateral third of the clavicle, acromion process, and spine of scapula
-Nerve accessory nerve (motor)
cervical spinal nerves C3 and C4 (motor and sensation)
-*Actions* rotation, retraction, elevation, and depression of scapula
-*Antagonist*
=serratus anterior muscle,
=Latissimus dorsi
levator scapulae - -Origin:Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1 - C4 vertebrae
-Insertion:Superior part of medial border of scapula
,-Nerve cervical nerve; (C3, C4) and dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
-*Actions*: Elevates scapula and downward rotation
*latissimus dorsi* - -Origin: Spinous processes of vertebrae T7-L5, thoracolumbar fascia,
iliac crest, inferior 3 or 4 ribs and *inferior angle of scapula*
-Insertion:Floor of intertubercular *groove of the humerus*
-Nerve: *Thoracodorsal nerve*
-*Actions*: Adducts, extends and internally rotates the arm when the insertion is moved towards
the origin.
-*Antagonist*: Deltoid and trapezius muscle
*pectoralis major* - -Origin:
=Clavicular head: anterior border of the *medial half of the clavicle*.
=Sternocostal head: anterior surface of the sternum, the superior six costal cartilages, and the
aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
-Insertion: Lateral lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus
(anteromedial proximal humerus)
-Nerve: lateral pectoral nerve and medial pectoral nerve
=Clavicular head: C5 and C6
=Sternocostal head: C7, C8 and T1
-Actions:
, =Clavicular head: *flexes the humerus*
=Sternocostal head: *extends the humerus. As a whole, adducts and medially rotates the
humerus*. It also draws the scapula anteriorly and inferiorly.
pectoralis minor - -Origin; Third to fifth ribs, near their costal cartilages
-Insertion: Medial border and superior surface of the coracoid process of the scapula
-Nerve: *Medial pectoral nerve* (C8, T1)
-Actions: Stabilizes the scapula by drawing it *inferiorly and anteriorly* against the thoracic
wall, *raises ribs in inspiration*
lower trapezius - -O: spinous processes of middle and lower thoracic vertebra
-I:spine medial nagle
-F: depression of scapula
*serratus anterior* - -Origin: fleshy slips from the outer surface of upper 8 or 9 ribs
-Insertion: costal aspect of medial margin of the scapula
-Nerve: *long thoracic nerve* (from roots of brachial plexus C5, 6, 7)
-*Actions*: protracts and stabilizes scapula, assists in upward rotation.
-*Antagonist*: Rhomboid major, Rhomboid minor, Trapezius
*rhomboids* - -Origin nuchal ligaments, spinous processes of the C7 to T5 vertebrae
