1. Anterior (ventral) - ANSWER Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Posterior (dorsal)- - ANSWER Toward or at the back of the body;
Superior - ANSWER - Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body
Inferior - ANSWER - Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure
or the body
Proximal - ANSWER Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment
of a limb to the body trunk
Distal - ANSWER farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of
a limb to the body trunk
Caudial - ANSWER toward the butt
Rostral - ANSWER toward the mouth and nose
sensory neurons - ANSWER or afferent neurons, make up the sensory division of
the PNS (see Figure 12.3). They transmit impulses toward the CNS from sensory
receptors in the PNS. Most sensory neurons are pseudounipolar, and their cell
bodies are in ganglia outside the CNS. The peripheral process extends from a
sensory receptor; the central process terminates in the CNS. These two processes
function as one, carrying impulses directly from the peripheral receptors to the CNS.
Some sensory neurons are bipolar in structure. These neurons are restricted to
some of the special sense organs.
motor neurons - ANSWER or efferent neurons, make up the motor division of the
PNS (see Figure 12.3). These neurons carry impulses away from the CNS to effector
organs (muscles and glands). Motor neurons are multipolar, and their cell bodies are
located in the CNS (except for some neurons of the autonomic nervous system).
Motor neurons form junctions with effector cells, stimulating muscles to contract or
glands to secrete.
interneurons - ANSWER lie between motor and sensory neurons. These multipolar
neurons are confined entirely to the CNS (Table 12.2). Interneurons link together into
chains that form complex neuronal pathways. The fact that interneurons make up
99.98% of the neurons of the body reflects the vast amount of information processed
in the human CNS. These multipolar neurons show great diversity in size and in the
branching patterns of their processes
muscle - ANSWER thousands of muscle cells and connective tissue
, fasicle - ANSWER discrete bundle of muscle cells segregated from the rest of the
muscle by connective tissue sheath
Muscle fiber-elongated multinucleate cell, banded appearance
muscle fiber - ANSWER elongated multinucleate cell, banded appearance
Myofibril - ANSWER rodlike contractile organelles that occupy most of the muscle
cell volume, composed of sarcomeres arranged end to end, they appear banded and
the bands adjacent to myofibrils aligned
Sacromere - ANSWER contractile unit composed of myofilaments made up of
contractile proteins
Myofilaments - ANSWER thick and thin thick contain myosin molecules thin contain
actin filaments plus regulator proteins. Thin slide past thick produce muscle
shortening elastic filaments maintain organization of the A band and provide for
recoil
Understand how a neuron interacts with a skeletal muscle fiber to cause a
contraction; know the importance of the neuromuscular junction - ANSWER Nerve
impulse stimulates release of Acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft, EACh stimulates
changes in sarcolemma that excite muscle fiber this is carried down the t tubules to
initiate fiber contraction. Each muscle fiber in a skeletal muscle is served by a nerve
ending, which signals the fiber to contract. The point at which the nerve ending and
fiber meet is called a neuromuscular junction or a motor end plate (Figure 10.8). The
nerve part of the junction is a cluster of enlargements at the end of the axonal
process that stores chemical messenger molecules, neurotransmitters
compact bone - ANSWER -Dense outer layer of bone
spongy bone - ANSWER Bone internal network soft
Trabeculae - ANSWER little "beams" of bone, Open spaces between trabeculae are
filled with marrow, you can find red bone marrow in the diploe
Osteoporosis - ANSWER by low bone mass, bone reabsorption outpaces bone
deposition, occurs in most of women after menopause (secretion of estrogens helps
maintain bone density)
Osteomalacia - ANSWER occurs in adults, bones are inadequately mineralized
Osteosarcoma - ANSWER a form of bone cancer
Arthritis - ANSWER 100+ kinds of joint-damaging diseases
Posterior (dorsal)- - ANSWER Toward or at the back of the body;
Superior - ANSWER - Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body
Inferior - ANSWER - Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure
or the body
Proximal - ANSWER Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment
of a limb to the body trunk
Distal - ANSWER farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of
a limb to the body trunk
Caudial - ANSWER toward the butt
Rostral - ANSWER toward the mouth and nose
sensory neurons - ANSWER or afferent neurons, make up the sensory division of
the PNS (see Figure 12.3). They transmit impulses toward the CNS from sensory
receptors in the PNS. Most sensory neurons are pseudounipolar, and their cell
bodies are in ganglia outside the CNS. The peripheral process extends from a
sensory receptor; the central process terminates in the CNS. These two processes
function as one, carrying impulses directly from the peripheral receptors to the CNS.
Some sensory neurons are bipolar in structure. These neurons are restricted to
some of the special sense organs.
motor neurons - ANSWER or efferent neurons, make up the motor division of the
PNS (see Figure 12.3). These neurons carry impulses away from the CNS to effector
organs (muscles and glands). Motor neurons are multipolar, and their cell bodies are
located in the CNS (except for some neurons of the autonomic nervous system).
Motor neurons form junctions with effector cells, stimulating muscles to contract or
glands to secrete.
interneurons - ANSWER lie between motor and sensory neurons. These multipolar
neurons are confined entirely to the CNS (Table 12.2). Interneurons link together into
chains that form complex neuronal pathways. The fact that interneurons make up
99.98% of the neurons of the body reflects the vast amount of information processed
in the human CNS. These multipolar neurons show great diversity in size and in the
branching patterns of their processes
muscle - ANSWER thousands of muscle cells and connective tissue
, fasicle - ANSWER discrete bundle of muscle cells segregated from the rest of the
muscle by connective tissue sheath
Muscle fiber-elongated multinucleate cell, banded appearance
muscle fiber - ANSWER elongated multinucleate cell, banded appearance
Myofibril - ANSWER rodlike contractile organelles that occupy most of the muscle
cell volume, composed of sarcomeres arranged end to end, they appear banded and
the bands adjacent to myofibrils aligned
Sacromere - ANSWER contractile unit composed of myofilaments made up of
contractile proteins
Myofilaments - ANSWER thick and thin thick contain myosin molecules thin contain
actin filaments plus regulator proteins. Thin slide past thick produce muscle
shortening elastic filaments maintain organization of the A band and provide for
recoil
Understand how a neuron interacts with a skeletal muscle fiber to cause a
contraction; know the importance of the neuromuscular junction - ANSWER Nerve
impulse stimulates release of Acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft, EACh stimulates
changes in sarcolemma that excite muscle fiber this is carried down the t tubules to
initiate fiber contraction. Each muscle fiber in a skeletal muscle is served by a nerve
ending, which signals the fiber to contract. The point at which the nerve ending and
fiber meet is called a neuromuscular junction or a motor end plate (Figure 10.8). The
nerve part of the junction is a cluster of enlargements at the end of the axonal
process that stores chemical messenger molecules, neurotransmitters
compact bone - ANSWER -Dense outer layer of bone
spongy bone - ANSWER Bone internal network soft
Trabeculae - ANSWER little "beams" of bone, Open spaces between trabeculae are
filled with marrow, you can find red bone marrow in the diploe
Osteoporosis - ANSWER by low bone mass, bone reabsorption outpaces bone
deposition, occurs in most of women after menopause (secretion of estrogens helps
maintain bone density)
Osteomalacia - ANSWER occurs in adults, bones are inadequately mineralized
Osteosarcoma - ANSWER a form of bone cancer
Arthritis - ANSWER 100+ kinds of joint-damaging diseases
