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QUESTION 1
1.1
i) Citizenship, equal citizenship, and citizenship education are distinct yet interconnected
concepts. Citizenship refers to an individual's legal membership in a state, granting them
rights and responsibilities within that nation, such as voting, paying taxes, and obeying
laws. Equal citizenship goes further to emphasise that all citizens, regardless of their race,
gender, class, or religion, should have the same rights, opportunities, and legal recognition
without discrimination or marginalisation. Citizenship education, on the other hand, is a
pedagogical process that equips learners with the knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes
necessary to understand their rights and responsibilities as citizens, actively participate in
democratic life, respect diversity, and contribute positively to their community and society
at large. It builds the foundation for promoting both citizenship and equal citizenship in
practice.
ii) The minimalist and maximalist views of citizenship differ in their scope. The minimalist
view focuses narrowly on legal status and basic political participation such as voting and
abiding by national laws. It sees citizenship as merely formal membership in a state. In
contrast, the maximalist view adopts a broader perspective, including not just legal and
political rights but also social, economic, and cultural participation. It demands active
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