WGU D236 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LATEST
VERSIONS 2025 WITH QUESTIONS EACH AND STUDY
GUIDE |ACCURATE EXPERT VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED
PASS.
Describe some reasons for a patient needing dialysis - Correct Answers AEIOU-acidosis.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Electrolytes, Intoxication/Ingestion, overload, uremia. Patients with kidney or heart failure.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
A build up of phosphates, urea and magnesium are removed from the blood using a semi-
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
permeable membrane and dialysate. Il` Il` Il` Il`
AEIOU: Il`
A—acidosis; Il`
E—electrolytes principally hyperkalemia; Il` Il` Il`
I—ingestions or overdose of medications/drugs; Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
O—overload of fluid causing heart failure; Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
U—uremia leading to encephalitis/pericarditis Il` Il` Il`
Il` Compare and contrast hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
What are some reasons for a patient choosing one over the other? - Correct Answers
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Hemodialysis uses a machine to pump blood from the body in one tube while dialysate (made of
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
water, electrolytes and salts) is pumped in the separate tube in the opposite direction. Waste
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
from the blood diffuses through the semipermeable membrane separating the blood from the
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
dialysate.
Il` Il`
Peritoneal Dialysis does not use a machine, but instead injects a solution of water and glucose into
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
the abdominal cavity. The peritoneum acts as the membrane instead of dialysis tubing. The waste
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
products diffuse into the abdominal cavity and the waste solution is then drained from the body.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
,Peritoneal dialysis offers continuous filtration and is less disruption to the patient's daily routines.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
However, it does require some training of the patient and is not recommended for individuals
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
who are overweight or have severe kidney failure.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Hemodialysis provides medical care, but 3 times a week for several hours sitting at a hospital or
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
clinic. Individuals with acute kidney failure are recommended to use hemodialysis.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` How does homeostasis and maintaining optimal physiological health impact your wellbeing? -
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` Correct Answers Homeostasis acts to create a constant and stable environment in the body
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` despite internal and external changes. Proteins and other cellular processes require optimal
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` conditions in order to carry out their functions. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, glucose levels, etc. can have negative effects
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
on health, so it is vital for mechanisms that regulate homeostasis to function properly for
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
maintaining good health
Il` Il` Il`
Il` Differentiate between Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity ? - Correct Answers The innate
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` immune system encompasses physical barriers and chemical and cellular defenses. Physical
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` barriers protect the body from invasion. These include things like the skin and eyelashes.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` Chemical barriers are defense mechanisms that can destroy harmful agent. Examples include
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` tears, mucous, and stomach acid.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Cellular defenses of the innate immune response are non-specific. These cellular defenses
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
identify pathogens and substances that are potentially dangerous and takes steps to neutralize or
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
destroy them.
Il` Il` Il`
Adaptive immunity is an organism's acquired immunity to a specific pathogen. As such, it's also
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
referred to as acquired immunity. Adaptive immunity is not immediate, nor does it always last
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
throughout an organism's entire lifespan, although it can.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
,The adaptive immune response is marked by clonal expansion of T and B lymphocytes, releasing
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
many antibody copies to neutralize or destroy their target antigen
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` What is a way that Adaptive Immunity can recruit innate immunity? - Correct Answers The
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` innate immune response to microbes stimulates adaptive immune responses and influences the
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` nature of the adaptive responses. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Conversely, adaptive immune responses often work by enhancing the protective mechanisms of Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
innate immunity, making them more capable of effectively combating pathogenic microbes
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` Why are some infections harder on children while other infections are harder on the elderly? -
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` Correct Answers Children have not been exposed to many pathogens yet, so they lack memory
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` cells and have not built-up immunity yet.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
The elderly have a depleted naïve T cell population from years of battling infections, so the
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
likelihood of getting a match is less.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` Describe how and why our injury response results in the signs of redness, swelling, heat, and
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` pain? Il`
(Be sure to use chemokines, histamine, and vasodilation in your response.) - Correct Answers An
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
injury causes an inflammatory response which is responsible for the redness, swelling, heat and
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
pain. Upon injury, cells on the surface begin to release chemokines which act as messengers that
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
something has happened.
Il` Il` Il` Il`
Mast cells are also alerted to release histamines which travel to the endothelial cells of capillaries
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
and causes vasodilation, which is related to swelling and redness.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Vasodilation also causes the capillaries to become leaky which allows for histamines, chemokines Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
and even pathogen particles to enter the blood stream where they are met by neutrophils (non-
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
, specific) which start to adhere to the capillary wall and squeeze through the leaky holes
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
(diapedesis or extravasation) to phagocytose pathogens and damaged cells.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Dendritic cells just under the surface of skin are also activated to phagocytose foreign particles.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Other B cells, T cells (specific) and the complement system also squeeze through the capillary wall
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
to create an area of congestion.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` Explain dominant vs recessive genetic diseases.Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
What is a "carrier" in recessive genetic diseases? - Correct Answers The human genome
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
contains 23 pairs of chromosome (22 autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes). The pairs are
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
homologous and contain the same genes in the same order. This means that every gene has a
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
copy, one inherited from your mother and the other from your father.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Not all versions of a gene (alleles) are treated the same by the cell. Some are expressed over
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
others. A dominant gene is a gene that is expressed, even if you only have one copy. The dominant
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
gene will be expressed over the recessive gene, which must have two copies to be expressed.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
In a dominant genetic disease, all it takes is one copy of the disease to have the disease. Recessive
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
genetic diseases require that the individual gets two copies of the gene to have the disease.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Someone who is a carrier for a recessive genetic disease is healthy, but contains a copy of the
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
disease gene, potentially passing it to their offspring.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` Describe how to determine the probability of clinical outcomes given information about the
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` parents (eg two heterozygous carriers of sickle cell disease). - Correct Answers Punnett Squares
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` can be used to determine the potential probabilities of certain traits being passed to offspring. If
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` you know the genotypes of each parent (ie homozygous or heterozygous for the trait), you can
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` determine the possible outcomes. Il` Il` Il` Il`
Heterozygous means that the parent has one copy of each gene, homozygous means the parent Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
has the same copy for each gene (either both dominant genes or both recessive genes).
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
VERSIONS 2025 WITH QUESTIONS EACH AND STUDY
GUIDE |ACCURATE EXPERT VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED
PASS.
Describe some reasons for a patient needing dialysis - Correct Answers AEIOU-acidosis.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Electrolytes, Intoxication/Ingestion, overload, uremia. Patients with kidney or heart failure.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
A build up of phosphates, urea and magnesium are removed from the blood using a semi-
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
permeable membrane and dialysate. Il` Il` Il` Il`
AEIOU: Il`
A—acidosis; Il`
E—electrolytes principally hyperkalemia; Il` Il` Il`
I—ingestions or overdose of medications/drugs; Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
O—overload of fluid causing heart failure; Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
U—uremia leading to encephalitis/pericarditis Il` Il` Il`
Il` Compare and contrast hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
What are some reasons for a patient choosing one over the other? - Correct Answers
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Hemodialysis uses a machine to pump blood from the body in one tube while dialysate (made of
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
water, electrolytes and salts) is pumped in the separate tube in the opposite direction. Waste
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
from the blood diffuses through the semipermeable membrane separating the blood from the
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
dialysate.
Il` Il`
Peritoneal Dialysis does not use a machine, but instead injects a solution of water and glucose into
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
the abdominal cavity. The peritoneum acts as the membrane instead of dialysis tubing. The waste
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
products diffuse into the abdominal cavity and the waste solution is then drained from the body.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
,Peritoneal dialysis offers continuous filtration and is less disruption to the patient's daily routines.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
However, it does require some training of the patient and is not recommended for individuals
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
who are overweight or have severe kidney failure.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Hemodialysis provides medical care, but 3 times a week for several hours sitting at a hospital or
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
clinic. Individuals with acute kidney failure are recommended to use hemodialysis.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` How does homeostasis and maintaining optimal physiological health impact your wellbeing? -
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` Correct Answers Homeostasis acts to create a constant and stable environment in the body
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` despite internal and external changes. Proteins and other cellular processes require optimal
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` conditions in order to carry out their functions. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, glucose levels, etc. can have negative effects
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
on health, so it is vital for mechanisms that regulate homeostasis to function properly for
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
maintaining good health
Il` Il` Il`
Il` Differentiate between Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity ? - Correct Answers The innate
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` immune system encompasses physical barriers and chemical and cellular defenses. Physical
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` barriers protect the body from invasion. These include things like the skin and eyelashes.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` Chemical barriers are defense mechanisms that can destroy harmful agent. Examples include
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` tears, mucous, and stomach acid.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Cellular defenses of the innate immune response are non-specific. These cellular defenses
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
identify pathogens and substances that are potentially dangerous and takes steps to neutralize or
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
destroy them.
Il` Il` Il`
Adaptive immunity is an organism's acquired immunity to a specific pathogen. As such, it's also
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
referred to as acquired immunity. Adaptive immunity is not immediate, nor does it always last
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
throughout an organism's entire lifespan, although it can.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
,The adaptive immune response is marked by clonal expansion of T and B lymphocytes, releasing
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
many antibody copies to neutralize or destroy their target antigen
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` What is a way that Adaptive Immunity can recruit innate immunity? - Correct Answers The
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` innate immune response to microbes stimulates adaptive immune responses and influences the
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` nature of the adaptive responses. Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Conversely, adaptive immune responses often work by enhancing the protective mechanisms of Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
innate immunity, making them more capable of effectively combating pathogenic microbes
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` Why are some infections harder on children while other infections are harder on the elderly? -
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` Correct Answers Children have not been exposed to many pathogens yet, so they lack memory
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` cells and have not built-up immunity yet.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
The elderly have a depleted naïve T cell population from years of battling infections, so the
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
likelihood of getting a match is less.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` Describe how and why our injury response results in the signs of redness, swelling, heat, and
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` pain? Il`
(Be sure to use chemokines, histamine, and vasodilation in your response.) - Correct Answers An
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
injury causes an inflammatory response which is responsible for the redness, swelling, heat and
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
pain. Upon injury, cells on the surface begin to release chemokines which act as messengers that
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
something has happened.
Il` Il` Il` Il`
Mast cells are also alerted to release histamines which travel to the endothelial cells of capillaries
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
and causes vasodilation, which is related to swelling and redness.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Vasodilation also causes the capillaries to become leaky which allows for histamines, chemokines Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
and even pathogen particles to enter the blood stream where they are met by neutrophils (non-
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
, specific) which start to adhere to the capillary wall and squeeze through the leaky holes
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
(diapedesis or extravasation) to phagocytose pathogens and damaged cells.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Dendritic cells just under the surface of skin are also activated to phagocytose foreign particles.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Other B cells, T cells (specific) and the complement system also squeeze through the capillary wall
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
to create an area of congestion.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` Explain dominant vs recessive genetic diseases.Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
What is a "carrier" in recessive genetic diseases? - Correct Answers The human genome
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
contains 23 pairs of chromosome (22 autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes). The pairs are
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
homologous and contain the same genes in the same order. This means that every gene has a
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
copy, one inherited from your mother and the other from your father.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Not all versions of a gene (alleles) are treated the same by the cell. Some are expressed over
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
others. A dominant gene is a gene that is expressed, even if you only have one copy. The dominant
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
gene will be expressed over the recessive gene, which must have two copies to be expressed.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
In a dominant genetic disease, all it takes is one copy of the disease to have the disease. Recessive
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
genetic diseases require that the individual gets two copies of the gene to have the disease.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Someone who is a carrier for a recessive genetic disease is healthy, but contains a copy of the
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
disease gene, potentially passing it to their offspring.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` Describe how to determine the probability of clinical outcomes given information about the
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` parents (eg two heterozygous carriers of sickle cell disease). - Correct Answers Punnett Squares
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` can be used to determine the potential probabilities of certain traits being passed to offspring. If
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` you know the genotypes of each parent (ie homozygous or heterozygous for the trait), you can
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Il` determine the possible outcomes. Il` Il` Il` Il`
Heterozygous means that the parent has one copy of each gene, homozygous means the parent Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
has the same copy for each gene (either both dominant genes or both recessive genes).
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
