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,Table of Content
CVBHJKHFV CVBHJKHFV

ChapterCVBHJKHFV01:CVBHJKHFVCellularCVBHJKHFVBiology .......................................................................................................... 4
ChapterCVBHJKHFV02:CVBHJKHFVGenesCVBHJKHFVandCVBHJKHFVGeneticCVBHJKHFVDiseases.................................................................. 13
ChapterCVBHJKHFV03:CVBHJKHFVEpigeneticsCVBHJKHFVandCVBHJKHFVDisease................................................................................... 23
UCVBHJKHFVSNCVBHJKHFVT .......................................................................................................................................................... O
23
ChapterCVBHJKHFV04:CVBHJKHFVAlteredCVBHJKHFVCellularCVBHJKHFVandCVBHJKHFVTissueCVBHJKHFVBiology............................................. 27
HuetherCVBHJKHFV&CVBHJKHFVMcCance:CVBHJKHFVUnderstandingCVBHJKHFVPathophysiology,CVBHJKHFV6thCVBHJKHFVEdition .................. 39
ChapterCVBHJKHFV06:CVBHJKHFVInnateCVBHJKHFVImmunity:CVBHJKHFVInflammationCVBHJKHFVandCVBHJKHFVWoundCVBHJKHFVHealingLHuethe
rCVBHJKHFV&CVBHJKHFVMcCance:CVBHJKHFVUnderstandingCVBHJKHFVPathophysiCVBHJKHFVology,CVBHJKHFV6thCVBHJKHFVEdition ................ 48
ChapterCVBHJKHFV07:CVBHJKHFVAdaptiveCVBHJKHFVImmunity.................................................................................................... 60
ChapterCVBHJKHFV08:CVBHJKHFVInfectionCVBHJKHFVandCVBHJKHFVDefectsCVBHJKHFVinCVBHJKHFVMechanismsCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVDefenseCVBHJKH
FVHuetherCVBHJKHFV&CVBHJKHFVMcCance:CVBHJKHFVUnderstandingCVBHJKHFVPathophysioloCVBHJKHFVgy,CVBHJKHFV6thCVBHJKHFVEdition .. 66



SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 74
ChapterCVBHJKHFV09:CVBHJKHFVStressCVBHJKHFVandCVBHJKHFVDisease .......................................................................................... 76
ChapterCVBHJKHFV10:CVBHJKHFVBiology,CVBHJKHFVClinicalCVBHJKHFVManifestations,CVBHJKHFVandCVBHJKHFVTreatmentCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVCa
ncerCVBHJKHFVHuetherCVBHJKHFV&CVBHJKHFVMcCance:CVBHJKHFVUnderstandingCVBHJKHFVPathCVBHJKHFVophysiology,CVBHJKHFV6thCVBHJKHFVE
dition .......................................................................................................................................................................... 81
ChapterCVBHJKHFV11:CVBHJKHFVCancerCVBHJKHFVEpidemiology ............................................................................................... 87
ChapterCVBHJKHFV12:CVBHJKHFVCancerCVBHJKHFVinCVBHJKHFVChildren ......................................................................................... 91
ChapterCVBHJKHFV13:CVBHJKHFVStructureCVBHJKHFVandCVBHJKHFVFunctionCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVtheNeurologicCVBHJKHFVSystemCVBHJKHFVHuet
herCVBHJKHFV&CVBHJKHFVMcCance:CVBHJKHFVUnderstandingCVBHJKHFVPathophysiologCVBHJKHFVy,CVBHJKHFV6thCVBHJKHFV Edition .......... 94
ChapterCVBHJKHFV14:CVBHJKHFVPain,CVBHJKHFVTemperature,CVBHJKHFVSleep,CVBHJKHFVandCVBHJKHFVSensoryCVBHJKHFVFunctionCVBHJKHFVHuet
herCVBHJKHFV&CVBHJKHFVMcCance:CVBHJKHFVUnderstandingCVBHJKHFVPathophysiologCVBHJKHFVy,CVBHJKHFV6thCVBHJKHFVEdition .......... 105
ChapterCVBHJKHFV15:CVBHJKHFVAlterationsCVBHJKHFVinCVBHJKHFVCognitiveCVBHJKHFVSystems,CVBHJKHFVCerebralCVBHJKHFVHemodynamics,CVBHJKHFV
andCVBHJKHFVMotorCVBHJKHFVFunction ............................................................................................................................... 116
ChapterCVBHJKHFV16:CVBHJKHFVDisordersCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVtheCentralCVBHJKHFVandCVBHJKHFVPeripheralCVBHJKHFVNervousCVBHJKHFVSystemsCVBHJK
HFVandCVBHJKHFVtheNeuromuscularCVBHJKHFVJunction ......................................................................................................... 126


ChapterCVBHJKHFV17:CVBHJKHFVAlterationsCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVNeurologicCVBHJKHFVFunctionCVBHJKHFVinCVBHJKHFVChildrenCVBHJKHFVHuetherCV
BHJKHFV&CVBHJKHFVMcCance:CVBHJKHFV UnderstandingCVBHJKHFVPathophysiology

,CVBHJKHFV6thCVBHJKHFVEdition ......................................................................................................................................... 138
ChapterCVBHJKHFV18:CVBHJKHFVMechanismsCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVHormonalCVBHJKHFVRegulation .................................................. 147
ChapterCVBHJKHFV19:CVBHJKHFVAlterationsCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVHormonalCVBHJKHFVRegulation ..................................................... 156
ChapterCVBHJKHFV20:CVBHJKHFVStructureCVBHJKHFVandCVBHJKHFVFunctionCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVtheCVBHJKHFVHematologicCVBHJKHFVSystemCVBHJ
KHFVHuetherCVBHJKHFV&CVBHJKHFVMcCance:CVBHJKHFVUnderstandingCVBHJKHFVPathophysiolCVBHJKHFVogy,CVBHJKHFV6thCVBHJKHFVEdition

................................................................................................................................................................................. 169
ChapterCVBHJKHFV21:CVBHJKHFVAlterationsCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVHematologicCVBHJKHFVFunction ..................................................... 176
INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
ChapterCVBHJKHFV22:CVBHJKHFVAlterationsCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVHematologicCVBHJKHFVFunctionCVBHJKHFVinCVBHJKHFVChildrenCVBHJKHFVHuet
herCVBHJKHFV&CVBHJKHFVMcCance:CVBHJKHFVUnderstandingCVBHJKHFVPathophysioloCVBHJKHFVgy,CVBHJKHFV6thCVBHJKHFV Edition ........ 192
ChapterCVBHJKHFV23:CVBHJKHFVStructureCVBHJKHFVandCVBHJKHFVFunctionCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVtheCVBHJKHFVCardiovascularCVBHJKHFVandCVBHJKH
FVLymphaticCVBHJKHFVSystemsCVBHJKHFVHuetherCVBHJKHFV&CVBHJKHFVMcCance:CVBHJKHFVUnderstaCVBHJKHFVndingCVBHJKHFVPathophysiol

ogy,CVBHJKHFV6thCVBHJKHFVEdition ...................................................................................................................................... 200
ChapterCVBHJKHFV24:CVBHJKHFVAlterationsCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVCardiovascularCVBHJKHFVFunction ................................................. 210
UCVBHJKHFVSNCVBHJKHFVT ........................................................................................................................................................ O
210
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................. 223
UCVBHJKHFVSNCVBHJKHFVT ........................................................................................................................................................ O
226

,UCVBHJKHFVSNCVBHJKHFVT ........................................................................................................................................................ O
228
ChapterCVBHJKHFV25:CVBHJKHFVAlterationsCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVCardiovascularCVBHJKHFVFunctionCVBHJKHFVinCVBHJKHFVChildrenCVBHJKHFVH
uetherCVBHJKHFV&CVBHJKHFVMcCance:CVBHJKHFVUnderstandingLPathophysiolCVBHJKHFVogy,CVBHJKHFV6thCVBHJKHFVEdition............... 229
SCVBHJKHFVNCVBHJKHFVTC V B H J K H F V C V B H J K H F V O ......................................................................................................................... 232
ChapterCVBHJKHFV26:CVBHJKHFVStructureCVBHJKHFVandCVBHJKHFVFunctionCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVtheCVBHJKHFVPulmonaryCVBHJKHFVSystemCVBHJKH
FVHuetherCVBHJKHFV&CVBHJKHFVMcCance:CVBHJKHFVUnderstandingCVBHJKHFVPathophysioloCVBHJKHFVgy,CVBHJKHFV6thCVBHJKHFVEdition 236


ChapterCVBHJKHFV27:CVBHJKHFVAlterationsCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVPulmonaryCVBHJKHFVFunction........................................................ 245
ChapterCVBHJKHFV28:CVBHJKHFVAlterationsCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVPulmonaryCVBHJKHFVFunctionCVBHJKHFVinLChildrenCVBHJKHFVHuetherCVBHJKHFV
&CVBHJKHFVMcCance:CVBHJKHFVUnderstandingCVBHJKHFVPathophysiology
,CVBHJKHFV6thCVBHJKHFVEdition ......................................................................................................................................... 257
ChapterCVBHJKHFV29:CVBHJKHFVStructureCVBHJKHFVandCVBHJKHFVFunctionCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVtheCVBHJKHFVRenalCVBHJKHFVandCVBHJKHFVUrologi
cCVBHJKHFVSystemsCVBHJKHFVHuetherCVBHJKHFV&CVBHJKHFVMcCance:CVBHJKHFVUnderstandingCVBHJKHFVPathCVBHJKHFVophysiology,CVBHJKHF
V6thLEdition .............................................................................................................................................................. 265


ChapterCVBHJKHFV30:CVBHJKHFVAlterationsCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVRenalCVBHJKHFVandCVBHJKHFVUrinaryCVBHJKHFVTractCVBHJKHFVFunctionCVBHJKHF
VHuetherCVBHJKHFV&CVBHJKHFVMcCance:CVBHJKHFVUnderstandingCVBHJKHFVPathophysiologCVBHJKHFVy,CVBHJKHFV6thCVBHJKHFV Edition 273


ChapterCVBHJKHFV31:CVBHJKHFVAlterationsCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVRenalCVBHJKHFVandCVBHJKHFVUrinaryCVBHJKHFVTractLFunctionCVBHJKHFVinCVBHJ
KHFVChildrenCVBHJKHFVHuetherCVBHJKHFV&CVBHJKHFVMcCance:CVBHJKHFVUnderstandingCVBHJKHFVPatCVBHJKHFVhophysiology,CVBHJKHFV6thC

VBHJKHFVEdition ............................................................................................................................................................ 280


ChapterCVBHJKHFV32:CVBHJKHFVStructureCVBHJKHFVandCVBHJKHFVFunctionCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVtheCVBHJKHFVReproductiveCVBHJKHFVSystemsCV
BHJKHFVHuetherCVBHJKHFV&CVBHJKHFVMcCance:CVBHJKHFVUnderstandingCVBHJKHFVPathophysiCVBHJKHFVology,CVBHJKHFV6thCVBHJKHFVEdition

................................................................................................................................................................................. 286
ChapterCVBHJKHFV33:CVBHJKHFVAlterationsCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVtheCVBHJKHFVFemaleCVBHJKHFVReproductiveCVBHJKHFVSystemCVBHJKHFVHuetherL&C
VBHJKHFVMcCance:CVBHJKHFVUnderstandingCVBHJKHFVPathophysiology

,CVBHJKHFV6thCVBHJKHFVEdition ......................................................................................................................................... 295
ChapterCVBHJKHFV34:CVBHJKHFVAlterationsCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVtheCVBHJKHFVMaleCVBHJKHFVReproductiveCVBHJKHFVSystem .................... 300
ChapterCVBHJKHFV35:CVBHJKHFVStructureCVBHJKHFVandCVBHJKHFVFunctionLofCVBHJKHFVtheCVBHJKHFVDigestiveCVBHJKHFVSystemCVBHJKHFVHuetherCVB
HJKHFV&CVBHJKHFVMcCance:CVBHJKHFVUnderstandingCVBHJKHFVPathophysiology

,CVBHJKHFV6thCVBHJKHFVEdition ......................................................................................................................................... 305
ChapterCVBHJKHFV36:CVBHJKHFVAlterationsCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVDigestiveCVBHJKHFVFunction .......................................................... 312
ChapterCVBHJKHFV37:CVBHJKHFVAlterationsCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVDigestiveCVBHJKHFVFunctionCVBHJKHFVinCVBHJKHFVChildren .................... 325
ChapterCVBHJKHFV38:CVBHJKHFVStructureCVBHJKHFVandCVBHJKHFVFunctionCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVtheCVBHJKHFVMusculoskeletalCVBHJKHFVSystem
CVBHJKHFVHuetherCVBHJKHFV&CVBHJKHFVMcCance:CVBHJKHFVUnderstandingCVBHJKHFVPathophyCVBHJKHFVsiology,CVBHJKHFV6thCVBHJKHFVEditio

n ............................................................................................................................................................................... 334
UCVBHJKHFVSNCVBHJKHFVT ........................................................................................................................................................ O
337
ChapterCVBHJKHFV39:CVBHJKHFVAlterationsCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVMusculoskeletalCVBHJKHFVFunction ............................................... 342
ChapterCVBHJKHFV40:CVBHJKHFVAlterationsCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVMusculoskeletalCVBHJKHFVFunctionCVBHJKHFVinCVBHJKHFVChildrenCVBHJKHFV
HuetherCVBHJKHFV&CVBHJKHFVMcCance:CVBHJKHFVUnderstandingCVBHJKHFVPathophysiCVBHJKHFVology,CVBHJKHFV6thCVBHJKHFVEdition... 352
UCVBHJKHFVSNCVBHJKHFVT ........................................................................................................................................................ O
354
ChapterCVBHJKHFV41:CVBHJKHFVStructure,CVBHJKHFVFunction,CVBHJKHFVandCVBHJKHFVDisordersCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVtheCVBHJKHFVIntegumentCV
BHJKHFVHuetherCVBHJKHFV&CVBHJKHFVMcCance:CVBHJKHFVUnderstandingCVBHJKHFVPathophysiCVBHJKHFVology,CVBHJKHFV6thCVBHJKHFVEdition

................................................................................................................................................................................. 357
ChapterCVBHJKHFV42:CVBHJKHFVAlterationsCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVtheCVBHJKHFVIntegumentCVBHJKHFVinLChildren ................................... 366

, Chapter 01:
CVBHJKHFV Cellular
CVBHJKHFV Biology
CVBHJKHFV


Huether &
CVBHJKHFV CVBHJKHFVMcCance: Understanding
CVBHJKHFV Pathophysiology,
CVBHJKHFV 6th
CVBHJKHFV Editio
CVBHJKHFV


n

MULTIPLECVBHJKHFVCHOICE

1. ACVBHJKHFVstudentCVBHJKHFVisCVBHJKHFVobservingCVBHJKHFVaCVBHJKHFVcellCVBHJKHFVunderCVBHJKHFVtheCVBHJKHFVmicroscop
e.CVBHJKHFVItCVBHJKHFVisCVBHJKHFVobservedCVBHJKHFVtoCVBHJKHFVhaveCVBHJKHFVsupercoiledCVBHJKHFVDNACVBHJKHFVwithCVB
HJKHFVhistones.CVBHJKHFVWhichCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVtheCVBHJKHFVfollowingCVBHJKHFVwouldCVBHJKHFValsoCVBHJKHFVbe

CVBHJKHFVobservedCVBHJKHFVbyCVBHJKHFVtheCVBHJKHFVstudent?

a. ACVBHJKHFVsingleCVBHJKHFVcircularCVBHJKHFVchromosome
b. ACVBHJKHFVnucleus
c. Free-floatingCVBHJKHFVnuclearCVBHJKHFVmaterial
d. NoCVBHJKHFVorganelles

ANS:C V B H J K H F V B
TheCVBHJKHFVcellCVBHJKHFVdescribedCVBHJKHFVisCVBHJKHFVaCVBHJKHFVeukaryoticCVBHJKHFVcell,CVBHJKHFVsoCVBHJKHFVitCVBHJKHFVh
asCVBHJKHFVhistonesCVBHJKHFVandCVBHJKHFVaCVBHJKHFVsupercoiledCVBHJKHFVDNACVBHJKHFVwithinCVBHJKHFVitsCVBHJKHFVnuCVB
HJKHFVcleus;CVBHJKHFVthus,CVBHJKHFVtheCVBHJKHFVnucleusCVBHJKHFVshouldCVBHJKHFVbeCVBHJKHFVobserved.CVBHJKHFVACVBHJKHF

VsingleCVBHJKHFVcircularCVBHJKHFVchromosomeCVBHJKHFVcalledCVBHJKHFVaCVBHJKHFVprokaryotCVBHJKHFVeCVBHJKHFVconta

insCVBHJKHFVfree-
floatingCVBHJKHFVnuclearCVBHJKHFVmaterialCVBHJKHFVbutCVBHJKHFVhasCVBHJKHFVnoCVBHJKHFVorganelles.

REF:CVBHJKHFVp.CVBHJKHFV2

2. ACVBHJKHFVnurseCVBHJKHFVisCVBHJKHFVinstructingCVBHJKHFVtheLstaffCVBHJKHFVaboutCVBHJKHFVcellularCVBHJKHFVfunction
s.CVBHJKHFVWhichCVBHJKHFVcellularCVBHJKHFVfunctionCVBHJKHFVisCVBHJKHFVtheCVBHJKHFVnurseCVBHJKHFVdescribingCVBHJKHF
VwhenCVBHJKHFVanCVBHJKHFVisolatedCVBHJKHFVcellCVBHJKHFVabsorbsCVBHJKHFVoxygenCVBHJKHFVandCVBHJKHFVusesCVBHJKHFVitCVB

HJKHFVtoCVBHJKHFVtransformCVBHJKHFVnutrientsCVBHJKHFVtoCVBHJKHFVenergy?

a. MetabolicCVBHJKHFVabsorption
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration

ANS:CVBHJKHFVD
TheCVBHJKHFVcell’sCVBHJKHFVabilityCVBHJKHFVtoCVBHJKHFVabsorbCVBHJKHFVoxygenCVBHJKHFVisCVBHJKHFVreferredCVBHJKHFVtoCVBHJKHFVasCVBHJK
HFVrespirationCVBHJKHFVwhileCVBHJKHFVitsCVBHJKHFVcommunicationCVBHJKHFVabilityCVBHJKHFVinvoCVBHJKHFVlvesCVBHJKHFVmainten

anceCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVaCVBHJKHFVsteadyCVBHJKHFVdynamicCVBHJKHFVstate,CVBHJKHFVmetabolicCVBHJKHFVabsorptionCVBHJKHFVpro
videsCVBHJKHFVnutrition,CVBHJKHFVandCVBHJKHFVsecretionCVBHJKHFVallowsCVBHJKHFVforCVBHJKHFVtheCVBHJKHFVsynthesizingCVBHJKHFV
ofCVBHJKHFVnewCVBHJKHFVsubstances.

REF:CVBHJKHFVp.CVBHJKHFV2

3. ACVBHJKHFVeukaryoticCVBHJKHFVcellCVBHJKHFVisCVBHJKHFVundergoingCVBHJKHFVDNACVBHJKHFVreplication.CVBHJKHFVInCVBH
whichCVBHJKHFVregionCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVtheCVBHJKHFVcellCVBHJKHFVwouldCVBHJKHFVmostCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVtheCVBHJ
JKHFV

KHFVgeneticCVBHJKHFVinformationCVBHJKHFVbeCVBHJKHFVcontained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. NucleusCVBHJKHFVCytoplasm
ANS:CVBHJKHFVC
TheCVBHJKHFVregionCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVtheCVBHJKHFVcellCVBHJKHFVthatCVBHJKHFVcontainsCVBHJKHFVgeneticCVBHJKHFVmaterial,C
VBHJKHFVincludingCVBHJKHFVaCVBHJKHFVlargeCVBHJKHFVamountCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVribonucleicCVBHJKHFVaCVBHJKHFVcid,CVBHJKHFV

mostCVBHJKHFVofCVBHJKHFVtheCVBHJKHFVDNA,CVBHJKHFVandCVBHJKHFVDNA-
bindingCVBHJKHFVproteins,CVBHJKHFVisCVBHJKHFVtheCVBHJKHFVnucleolus,CVBHJKHFVwhichCVBHJKHFVisCVBHJKHFVlocatedCVBHJKHFVwithi
nCVBHJKHFVtheCVBHJKHFVcell’sCVBHJKHFVnucleus.CVBHJKHFVMitochondriaCVBHJKHFVisCVBHJKHFVassociatedCVBHJKHFVwithCVBHJKHFVcell
ularCVBHJKHFVrespiration,CVBHJKHFVwhileCVBHJKHFVribosomesCVBHJKHFVareLinvolvedCVBHJKHFVwithCVBHJKHFVproteinCVBHJKHFVman