NSG 3850 Exam 2 Review

Exam 2 ZOOM Review Patho II
Respiratory

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V What is CIRCULATORY HYPOXIA? Lack of O2 to ssues, what is causing it? Decreased cardiac output
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Not enough output = decreased in o2 not being carried out to your ssues
 HYPERVENTILATION VS . HYPOVENTILATION
o HYPERVENTILATION: DEEP/RAPID breathing, a compensatory mechanism
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- Reasons: high al tude, fever, pain, anxiety , Rapid & deep
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o HYPOVENTILATION: impaired gas exchange, not enough O2 is crossing from hemoglobin (RBCs) to
alveoli
w Reasons: COPD , morphine pa ents, obesity, ALL chronic lung disorders, opioids due to
decreased respiratory effort, ALL neuromuscular diseases; anything decrease/suppress
the breathings
 SHALLOW/RAPID breathing vs. DEEP/RAPID breathing
o HYPER = DEEP/RAPID
1ST
- o HYPO = SHALLOW/RAPID

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 ACUTE BRONCHITIS S/S:- - -
E
recent onset of cough, post nasal drip, sore throat, sinusi s/pharyngi s
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 CHRONIC BRONCHITIS : who develops it? SMOKERS due to damaging lining, cilia  accumula
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on of exudate
o Frequent respiratory infec ons
 Overweight – do not expand lungs affec vely = increased accumula on of exudate – frequent
infec ons causes inflamma on / destruc on  suscep ble to chronic bronchi s
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o S/S: “Blue
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Bloaters” SOB, mucus, purulent sputum, chronic cough produc ve in mornings,
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polycythemia: thickening of RBCs, clubbing, ect.
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 EMPHYSEMA: Alveolar wall damage by inflamma
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on leading to PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES  released
deficiency (30 -y0yrs)
by inflammatory cells causing damage to the alveolar walls · Fo Smoking Alantitryps
,
in




o Proteoly c enzymes damage alveoli [M : Barrel Chest , Air is trapped) Hyperresonance Tripod position
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V
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 SARCOIDOSIS cause: UKNOWN; what happens in body? Presence of CD4 plus T cells which is indica ve of an
immune response interstitiallungdiseasenot
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theairways lungs/lymph nodes
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Effffe
,
lungs
In

o S/S:-&granulomas, splenomegaly,
-uvei s, decrease func oning of organs
hepatomegaly,

Thin ~
 Fa gue, weight loss, fever from inflammatory process, NONPRODUCTIVE COUGH (NO sputum)
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 HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS: NOT-
ASSOCIATED WITH SMOKING; caused by pollens; Hypersensi vity
reac on  have inflamma on of your lung At Rish to getting Aspergillus -> workers in old buildings
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 PNEUMOTHORAX: like a flat re
o Simple: HOLE in the lung- air leaking into the pleural cavity & lung that is collapsing
 Lung having air coming in from the inside – air is collec ng in lung/lung is collapsing
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o Tension: the air is completely increasing and starts pressing/pushing medias nal shi – can
see this observed from the outside
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 S/S: low BP, SOB, TRACHEAL DEVIATION TOWARDS THE UNAFFECTED SIDE
w
V
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 R pneumothorax, tension  pushes towards the le = Emergency situa on
PLEURAL EFFUSION: collapse of lung as-
fluid is accumula ng in pleural space – FLUID collects on the bo om
o Can be asymptoma c to S/S: dry cough, absent to minimal breath sounds in BASE of lung,
O
rapid/shallow breathing, SOB
 Fluid  absent or diminished breath sounds - > Absent breath sounds

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~  So much fluid  can create a medias nal or tracheal shi as well * - > D/t
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pressure

 KYPHOSCOLIOSIS: MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
o twis ng of thoracic cavity  impaired expansion of lung = breathing problems
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ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS: progressive inflammatory disease affec
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ng the vertebrae
o S/S: -
&
LOW TO MID BACK PAIN, HYPOVen la on – not expanding like they need too
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· End result is rigidity