Psych 345- Psychology of |! |! |! |!
Women exam with precise |! |! |! |!
detailed solutions |!
Sex vs. Gender - Correct answer ✔*sex is biological, more narrow, relative to
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
reproduction, sex chromosomes and sex organs |! |! |! |! |!
*gender is the predetermined roles for men and women in the community -
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
broader term, psychological characteristics & social categories that human
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
culture creates |!
Doing gender - Correct answer ✔the act of expressing and perceiving the
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
gender of a person
|! |! |!
Sexism - Correct answer ✔the belief that one sex is innately superior to the
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
other
a bias against people on the basis of their gender
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
Racism - Correct answer ✔Belief that one race is superior to another
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
a bias against people on the basis of their racial or ethnic groups
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
Classism - Correct answer ✔prejudice or discrimination based on social class
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
a bias based on social class ( incl income, occupation, education)
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
,Ableism - Correct answer ✔discrimination against people with disabilities
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
a bias against people with disabilities
|! |! |! |! |!
Heterosexism - Correct answer ✔aka social prejudice- a bias against anyone |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
who is not exclusively heterosexual
|! |! |! |!
Ageism - Correct answer ✔a bias against chronological age
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
Feminism - Correct answer ✔the principle that values women's experiences
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
and ideas; feminism also emphasizes that women and men should be socially,
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
economically, and legally equal- defining feature of feminism is a high regard
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
for women, not antagonism toward men.
|! |! |! |! |! |!
Four theoretical approaches to feminism - Correct answer ✔1- Liberal
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
Feminism
2- Cultural Feminism
|! |!
3- Radical Feminism
|! |!
4- Women-of-color Feminism
|! |!
Liberal Feminism - Correct answer ✔*seeks equal opportunity for both sexes
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
within the existing society |! |! |!
*emphasize bio factors have little effect on gender differences |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
* belief that everyone benefits if we reduce cultures gender roles
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
,Cultural Feminism - Correct answer ✔emphasizes the positive qualities that
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
are presumed to be stronger in women than in men—qualities such as
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
nurturing and care- taking. |! |! |!
*focus on gender differences that value women rather than gender
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
similarities of liberal feminism |! |! |! |!
*emphasize societal cooperation instead of aggression |! |! |! |! |!
Radical Feminism - Correct answer ✔Form of feminist theory that believes
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
that gender inequality is the result of male domination in all aspects of social
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
and economic life.
|! |!
*emphasize that sexism permeates our society, from the personal level in
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
male-female relationships to the national and international levels |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
*argue that our society needs to dramatically change its policies on sexuality
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
and on violence against women
|! |! |! |!
Women-of-color feminism - Correct answer ✔*points out that the other three |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
types of feminism overemphasize gender.
|! |! |! |! |!
* emphasize that feminism must pay attention to other human dimensions
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
such as ethnicity and social class
|! |! |! |! |!
*According to this perspective, we cannot achieve a genuinely feminist
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
approach by making a few minor adjustments to liberal feminism, cultural
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
feminism, or radical feminism |! |! |!
Describe the impact that historical conceptualizations of women have had on
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
understanding gender and on the negative stereotyping of women. - Correct |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
answer ✔*Bias |! |!
* Ideas around women not being as intellectual or ability to vote
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
, * Lack of research
|! |! |! |!
*researchers in that era underestimated the complexity of the issues |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
* some people blamed women for their own low status- such as not
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
aggressive enough or to afraid of success. Yet researchers ignored the fact that
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
it was based on a biased institution/policy and based on stereotypes.
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
*Current research on gender is widespread and interdisciplinary; the
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
knowledge base continues to change as a result of this research. |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
Critically evaluate the effects on women of gender bias in the steps of the
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
research process - Correct answer ✔*researchers are likely to have strong pre-
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
existing emotions, values, and opinions about the topics being investigated
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
Step 1: Formulating Hypothesis
|! |! |! |!
* if a theory used has bias they may get biased results. Ex. Freud- believed
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
women liked suffering. |! |! |!
* forming hypothesis from prev research supporting a bias
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
* bias can influence questions/topics used * ex using alcoholism for native *
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
Step 2: Designing Study
|! |! |! |!
* Choosing operational definitions can show bias ( should choose a few to
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
measure variables) |! |!
* bias in choice of participants
|! |! |! |! |!
* choice of the research conductor ( how can their ethnicity or gender impact
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
observations) |!
* Confounding variables ( may lead to wrong conclusions)
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
Women exam with precise |! |! |! |!
detailed solutions |!
Sex vs. Gender - Correct answer ✔*sex is biological, more narrow, relative to
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
reproduction, sex chromosomes and sex organs |! |! |! |! |!
*gender is the predetermined roles for men and women in the community -
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
broader term, psychological characteristics & social categories that human
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
culture creates |!
Doing gender - Correct answer ✔the act of expressing and perceiving the
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
gender of a person
|! |! |!
Sexism - Correct answer ✔the belief that one sex is innately superior to the
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
other
a bias against people on the basis of their gender
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
Racism - Correct answer ✔Belief that one race is superior to another
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
a bias against people on the basis of their racial or ethnic groups
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
Classism - Correct answer ✔prejudice or discrimination based on social class
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
a bias based on social class ( incl income, occupation, education)
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
,Ableism - Correct answer ✔discrimination against people with disabilities
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
a bias against people with disabilities
|! |! |! |! |!
Heterosexism - Correct answer ✔aka social prejudice- a bias against anyone |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
who is not exclusively heterosexual
|! |! |! |!
Ageism - Correct answer ✔a bias against chronological age
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
Feminism - Correct answer ✔the principle that values women's experiences
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
and ideas; feminism also emphasizes that women and men should be socially,
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
economically, and legally equal- defining feature of feminism is a high regard
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
for women, not antagonism toward men.
|! |! |! |! |! |!
Four theoretical approaches to feminism - Correct answer ✔1- Liberal
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
Feminism
2- Cultural Feminism
|! |!
3- Radical Feminism
|! |!
4- Women-of-color Feminism
|! |!
Liberal Feminism - Correct answer ✔*seeks equal opportunity for both sexes
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
within the existing society |! |! |!
*emphasize bio factors have little effect on gender differences |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
* belief that everyone benefits if we reduce cultures gender roles
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
,Cultural Feminism - Correct answer ✔emphasizes the positive qualities that
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
are presumed to be stronger in women than in men—qualities such as
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
nurturing and care- taking. |! |! |!
*focus on gender differences that value women rather than gender
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
similarities of liberal feminism |! |! |! |!
*emphasize societal cooperation instead of aggression |! |! |! |! |!
Radical Feminism - Correct answer ✔Form of feminist theory that believes
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
that gender inequality is the result of male domination in all aspects of social
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
and economic life.
|! |!
*emphasize that sexism permeates our society, from the personal level in
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
male-female relationships to the national and international levels |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
*argue that our society needs to dramatically change its policies on sexuality
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
and on violence against women
|! |! |! |!
Women-of-color feminism - Correct answer ✔*points out that the other three |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
types of feminism overemphasize gender.
|! |! |! |! |!
* emphasize that feminism must pay attention to other human dimensions
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
such as ethnicity and social class
|! |! |! |! |!
*According to this perspective, we cannot achieve a genuinely feminist
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
approach by making a few minor adjustments to liberal feminism, cultural
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
feminism, or radical feminism |! |! |!
Describe the impact that historical conceptualizations of women have had on
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
understanding gender and on the negative stereotyping of women. - Correct |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
answer ✔*Bias |! |!
* Ideas around women not being as intellectual or ability to vote
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
, * Lack of research
|! |! |! |!
*researchers in that era underestimated the complexity of the issues |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
* some people blamed women for their own low status- such as not
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
aggressive enough or to afraid of success. Yet researchers ignored the fact that
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
it was based on a biased institution/policy and based on stereotypes.
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
*Current research on gender is widespread and interdisciplinary; the
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
knowledge base continues to change as a result of this research. |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
Critically evaluate the effects on women of gender bias in the steps of the
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
research process - Correct answer ✔*researchers are likely to have strong pre-
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
existing emotions, values, and opinions about the topics being investigated
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
Step 1: Formulating Hypothesis
|! |! |! |!
* if a theory used has bias they may get biased results. Ex. Freud- believed
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
women liked suffering. |! |! |!
* forming hypothesis from prev research supporting a bias
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
* bias can influence questions/topics used * ex using alcoholism for native *
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
Step 2: Designing Study
|! |! |! |!
* Choosing operational definitions can show bias ( should choose a few to
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
measure variables) |! |!
* bias in choice of participants
|! |! |! |! |!
* choice of the research conductor ( how can their ethnicity or gender impact
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
observations) |!
* Confounding variables ( may lead to wrong conclusions)
|! |! |! |! |! |! |! |! |!
