CALT Study Guide
• Equivocal Sounds (definition): More than one way to spell the sound
• Unequivocal Sounds (definition): Only one way to spell the sound
• Who is Samuel Orton?: A neurologist who worked with Anna Gillingham tocome up with
the Multipsensory Approach (MSLE)
• Who is Anna Gillingham?: A psychologist who worked with Samuel Orton tocome up
with the Multisensory Approach
• Where did alphabetic phonics originate?: Texas Scottish Rite Hospital withAylette Cox,
Luke Waites, and Sally Childs
• What is the rationale for linkages?: To learn the sound/ symbol relationships in multiple
learning modalities. They connect 4 senses needed to learn (visual, audio, kinesthetic and
tactile) to the 4 properties of a grapheme (name, shape, sound, feel)
• What is dysgraphia?: involves difficulty in writing, in the actual motor patterns used in
writing and/ or formulation of written expression
• Word Blindness: a complete text-blindness that may exist, even when IQ,speech, and
other abilities remain intact. (coined by Kussmaul in 1878)
• 5 principles of multisensory teaching: 1. direct, explicit instruction
2. systematic and cumulative
3. Both analytic and synthetic
4. simultaneously multipsensory
5. diagnostic and prescriptive
• Who coined the term Strephosymbolia?: Samuel Orton
• Strephosymbolia (definition): It means "twisted Symbols"
• The Matthew Effect: Ascribed to Keith Stanovich (the rich get richer and thepoor get
poorer)
• Deficits associated with dyslexia: Problems with:
1. Phonological Awareness
2. Accurate, Fluent word recognition
3. Spelling
4. Decoding
• Onset: the beginning sound in a syllable, before the first vowel (ex. tr is the onsetof tram)
, • Rime: the vowel and all the letters after it (ex. am is the Rime in tram)
• 74% of students with reading difficulties not identified by 3rd grade con-tinue to
experience difficulties in the grade.: 9th
• What happened in the year 1066?: The normans invaded England in this year.
• The Double Deficit hypothesis by Wolff and Bowers, 1999: This proposeddeficiencies in
2 areas which predicted dysfluent reading (decoding and rapid naming)
• Spelling Skill is based mainly on the integration and application of whichlinguistic
processes?: 1. phonology (what we hear)
2. morphology (attaching meaning)
3. orthography (attaching meaning to a symbol)
• Formula for closed vowel: A vowel in a closed syllable is short, code it with abreve
• Formula for open vowel (accented syllable): A vowel in an open, accentedsyllable is long,
code it with a macron.
• Formula for open vowel (unaccented syllable): When we see a vowel in an open,
unaccented syllable, the "a" gets mad and says ' (uh), the "i" gets whiny and says -, and the "e",
"o", and "u" and long but a little shorter, code them with a modifiedmacron.
• Formula for vowel consonant E: When a vowel is followed by a consonant anda final e, the
vowel is long and the e is silent.
• Formula for vowel teams: When we see 2 or more vowels together that makeone sound,
we code them like a team.
• Formula for R controlled vowels: When an R follows a vowel, it changes thesound
• Formula for Final Stable Syllables: It's in the final position, unaccented, andhas a hint of a
vowel sound.
• Formulas for the sounds made by -ed: 1. A baseword with Final t or d + vowelsuffix -ed =
"ed"
2. A baseword with a final voiced sound + vowel suffix -ed says "d"
3. A baseword with a final unvoiced sound + vowel suffix -ed says "t"
• When does G make the sound (j)?: When G comes before an e, i, or y, it ispronounced "j"
• What is the floss rule?: When a one syllable base word with a short vowel anda final (f),
(l), or (s) sound, it is spelled "ff", "LL", and "SS"
The 6 Syllable Types: 1. Closed
1. Open
• Equivocal Sounds (definition): More than one way to spell the sound
• Unequivocal Sounds (definition): Only one way to spell the sound
• Who is Samuel Orton?: A neurologist who worked with Anna Gillingham tocome up with
the Multipsensory Approach (MSLE)
• Who is Anna Gillingham?: A psychologist who worked with Samuel Orton tocome up
with the Multisensory Approach
• Where did alphabetic phonics originate?: Texas Scottish Rite Hospital withAylette Cox,
Luke Waites, and Sally Childs
• What is the rationale for linkages?: To learn the sound/ symbol relationships in multiple
learning modalities. They connect 4 senses needed to learn (visual, audio, kinesthetic and
tactile) to the 4 properties of a grapheme (name, shape, sound, feel)
• What is dysgraphia?: involves difficulty in writing, in the actual motor patterns used in
writing and/ or formulation of written expression
• Word Blindness: a complete text-blindness that may exist, even when IQ,speech, and
other abilities remain intact. (coined by Kussmaul in 1878)
• 5 principles of multisensory teaching: 1. direct, explicit instruction
2. systematic and cumulative
3. Both analytic and synthetic
4. simultaneously multipsensory
5. diagnostic and prescriptive
• Who coined the term Strephosymbolia?: Samuel Orton
• Strephosymbolia (definition): It means "twisted Symbols"
• The Matthew Effect: Ascribed to Keith Stanovich (the rich get richer and thepoor get
poorer)
• Deficits associated with dyslexia: Problems with:
1. Phonological Awareness
2. Accurate, Fluent word recognition
3. Spelling
4. Decoding
• Onset: the beginning sound in a syllable, before the first vowel (ex. tr is the onsetof tram)
, • Rime: the vowel and all the letters after it (ex. am is the Rime in tram)
• 74% of students with reading difficulties not identified by 3rd grade con-tinue to
experience difficulties in the grade.: 9th
• What happened in the year 1066?: The normans invaded England in this year.
• The Double Deficit hypothesis by Wolff and Bowers, 1999: This proposeddeficiencies in
2 areas which predicted dysfluent reading (decoding and rapid naming)
• Spelling Skill is based mainly on the integration and application of whichlinguistic
processes?: 1. phonology (what we hear)
2. morphology (attaching meaning)
3. orthography (attaching meaning to a symbol)
• Formula for closed vowel: A vowel in a closed syllable is short, code it with abreve
• Formula for open vowel (accented syllable): A vowel in an open, accentedsyllable is long,
code it with a macron.
• Formula for open vowel (unaccented syllable): When we see a vowel in an open,
unaccented syllable, the "a" gets mad and says ' (uh), the "i" gets whiny and says -, and the "e",
"o", and "u" and long but a little shorter, code them with a modifiedmacron.
• Formula for vowel consonant E: When a vowel is followed by a consonant anda final e, the
vowel is long and the e is silent.
• Formula for vowel teams: When we see 2 or more vowels together that makeone sound,
we code them like a team.
• Formula for R controlled vowels: When an R follows a vowel, it changes thesound
• Formula for Final Stable Syllables: It's in the final position, unaccented, andhas a hint of a
vowel sound.
• Formulas for the sounds made by -ed: 1. A baseword with Final t or d + vowelsuffix -ed =
"ed"
2. A baseword with a final voiced sound + vowel suffix -ed says "d"
3. A baseword with a final unvoiced sound + vowel suffix -ed says "t"
• When does G make the sound (j)?: When G comes before an e, i, or y, it ispronounced "j"
• What is the floss rule?: When a one syllable base word with a short vowel anda final (f),
(l), or (s) sound, it is spelled "ff", "LL", and "SS"
The 6 Syllable Types: 1. Closed
1. Open
