CALT Exam Prep
1. decoding and encoding: refer to applying the skills of analytic and syntheticlearning
2. recognition of the visual symbol, symbol/sound correspondence, andblending sounds into
a words: decoding
3. Effective handwriting instruction: includes teaching the correct pencil gripand formation
of each letter
4. McGuffey Readers: Formal reading instruction was based on "phonics" used atthe
beginning of the 20th Century
5. Dick & Jane ( "Look/Say" Method ): Thought that children would make morerapid
progress reading if they identified whole words at a glance. Used from 1930s
- 1960s.
6. Rudolph Flesch: brought the issue of the great debate to the publics attentionon how best
to teach a child to read. This came about in his book. "Why Johnny Can't Read" (Mid 1950s)
7. NICHD: Began looking at the issue as the deemed the inability to read as a "national
health issue" and began to fund research in the area of reading. (1965)
8. "Learning to Read: The Great Debate" Jean Chall: This book caught the attention of
professionals and the government that our nation is in a reading crisis.Children are not
learning to read since the look and say method came about. (1967)
9. Basal Reading Programs: These programs begin to drive reading instruction. 70% of
American Schools bought one or more of the best selling programs. (1960sto mid 80s)
10. Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith: Developed the Top-Down approach to reading
instruction. Believed that reading should be taught through immersion in children's literature .
Teaches reading without breaking it down into parts. Whole Language based, emphasis is on
guessing at words rather than sounding them out.(1980s)
11. G. Reid Lyon: Became the coordinator of the research for NICHD. (1985)
12. National Reading Panel Report: Produced scientifically based research thatdemonstrated
that approximately 40% of the population "have reading problems severe enough to hinder
their enjoyment of reading." (2000)
13. Percentage of students in special ed who can't read: 85% (NICHD)
14. Five critical components of reading instruction: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency
(identifying words accurately and fluently); vocabulary and com-prehension strategies
(constructing meaning once words are identified)
15. I M F: initial, medial, final
16. Middle: means very center
17. Medial: means between initial and final
, 18. V: vowel
19. C: consonant
20. Paired equivalent sounds: /ch//j/ /f//v/ /p//b/ /sh//zh/ /t//d/ /k//g/ /s//z/ /th//th/
21. How are our decks aligned and why?***: Alignment of multiple responses -according
to frequency and reliability of sounds
22. Digraph: two letters that come together to make one sound
23. Trigraph: three letters that come together to make one sound
24. Quadrigraph: four letters that come together to make one sound
25. Diphthong: two vowels sounds blended togther in the same syllable
26. Combinations: two letters than come together to make an unexpected sound
27. Code marks: breve, macron, dieresis, circumflex, tilde, cedilla, tittle, schwa: (u)in an
unaccented syllable = marks in dictionary
28. closed: a syllable that ends in one or more consonants. The vowel is usuallyshort
29. open: a syllable that ends in a vowel
30. Vowel consonant e: syllable witha long vowel sounds that end with a conso-nant
followed by a silent e
31. Vowel team: syllable with two adjacent vowels
32. R controlled: syllable with a vowel r combination
33. F.S.S. final stable syllable***: a non phonetic syllable with occurs frequentlyin the final
position of English words.
34. When is Vr not a combination?: Vr r = Vr merry - when followed by two rr's,except for
ur ( hurry), Vr v = Vr fire, very when followed by an e or vowel y
35. Base word: plain old English word
36. Root: a word without affixes or endings
37. Affix: a letter or letters added to the beginning or ending of a baseword or rootthat
creates a derivative with a meaning or grammatical form that is different than the baseword or
root
38. Suffix: a letter or group of letters added to the end of a base word to changethe meaning
or usage
39. Prefix: letter or group of letters added to the beignning of a base word tochange the
meaning
40. c and g: make a soft sound when followed by i ,e or y
1. decoding and encoding: refer to applying the skills of analytic and syntheticlearning
2. recognition of the visual symbol, symbol/sound correspondence, andblending sounds into
a words: decoding
3. Effective handwriting instruction: includes teaching the correct pencil gripand formation
of each letter
4. McGuffey Readers: Formal reading instruction was based on "phonics" used atthe
beginning of the 20th Century
5. Dick & Jane ( "Look/Say" Method ): Thought that children would make morerapid
progress reading if they identified whole words at a glance. Used from 1930s
- 1960s.
6. Rudolph Flesch: brought the issue of the great debate to the publics attentionon how best
to teach a child to read. This came about in his book. "Why Johnny Can't Read" (Mid 1950s)
7. NICHD: Began looking at the issue as the deemed the inability to read as a "national
health issue" and began to fund research in the area of reading. (1965)
8. "Learning to Read: The Great Debate" Jean Chall: This book caught the attention of
professionals and the government that our nation is in a reading crisis.Children are not
learning to read since the look and say method came about. (1967)
9. Basal Reading Programs: These programs begin to drive reading instruction. 70% of
American Schools bought one or more of the best selling programs. (1960sto mid 80s)
10. Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith: Developed the Top-Down approach to reading
instruction. Believed that reading should be taught through immersion in children's literature .
Teaches reading without breaking it down into parts. Whole Language based, emphasis is on
guessing at words rather than sounding them out.(1980s)
11. G. Reid Lyon: Became the coordinator of the research for NICHD. (1985)
12. National Reading Panel Report: Produced scientifically based research thatdemonstrated
that approximately 40% of the population "have reading problems severe enough to hinder
their enjoyment of reading." (2000)
13. Percentage of students in special ed who can't read: 85% (NICHD)
14. Five critical components of reading instruction: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency
(identifying words accurately and fluently); vocabulary and com-prehension strategies
(constructing meaning once words are identified)
15. I M F: initial, medial, final
16. Middle: means very center
17. Medial: means between initial and final
, 18. V: vowel
19. C: consonant
20. Paired equivalent sounds: /ch//j/ /f//v/ /p//b/ /sh//zh/ /t//d/ /k//g/ /s//z/ /th//th/
21. How are our decks aligned and why?***: Alignment of multiple responses -according
to frequency and reliability of sounds
22. Digraph: two letters that come together to make one sound
23. Trigraph: three letters that come together to make one sound
24. Quadrigraph: four letters that come together to make one sound
25. Diphthong: two vowels sounds blended togther in the same syllable
26. Combinations: two letters than come together to make an unexpected sound
27. Code marks: breve, macron, dieresis, circumflex, tilde, cedilla, tittle, schwa: (u)in an
unaccented syllable = marks in dictionary
28. closed: a syllable that ends in one or more consonants. The vowel is usuallyshort
29. open: a syllable that ends in a vowel
30. Vowel consonant e: syllable witha long vowel sounds that end with a conso-nant
followed by a silent e
31. Vowel team: syllable with two adjacent vowels
32. R controlled: syllable with a vowel r combination
33. F.S.S. final stable syllable***: a non phonetic syllable with occurs frequentlyin the final
position of English words.
34. When is Vr not a combination?: Vr r = Vr merry - when followed by two rr's,except for
ur ( hurry), Vr v = Vr fire, very when followed by an e or vowel y
35. Base word: plain old English word
36. Root: a word without affixes or endings
37. Affix: a letter or letters added to the beginning or ending of a baseword or rootthat
creates a derivative with a meaning or grammatical form that is different than the baseword or
root
38. Suffix: a letter or group of letters added to the end of a base word to changethe meaning
or usage
39. Prefix: letter or group of letters added to the beignning of a base word tochange the
meaning
40. c and g: make a soft sound when followed by i ,e or y
