Pathology Exam 1 Exam Questions with
Complete Solutions (Latest 2025).
stressors to cells? (7) - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. ischemia
2. infectious disease
3. immune rxns
4. genetic factors
5. nutritional factors
6. physical factors
7. chemical factors
reversing cell injury depends on? (6) - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. type, severity and duration of
injury
2. adaptive processes of the cell
3. type of cell
4. level of differentiation
5. modifying factors
6. nutritional state
ischemia? - CORRECT ANSWERS lack of blood flow
these are responsible for the vast majority of infections? (2) - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. bacteria
2. viruses
mechanisms of infectious diseases depends on ability to? (3) - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. invade
and destroy cells
,2. produce toxins that cause cell lysis
3. produce hypersensitivity rxns
bacteria releases these _____ that cause cell lysis? - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. endotoxins
when microorganisms or their toxins are present in blood? - CORRECT ANSWERS sepsis
Viruses kill cells by these two mechanisms? - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. direct cytopathic effect
(RNA viruses)
1. indirect cytopathic effect (DNA viruses)
viruses use this mechanism to:
disturb the cellular processes of the nucleus and/or plasma membrane. Virally encoded proteins
become inserted in the membrane, altering permeability. - CORRECT ANSWERS Direct
cytopathic effect (RNA viruses)
viruses use this mechanism to integrate themselves into cellular genome producing foreign proteins? -
CORRECT ANSWERS indirect cytopathic effect (DNA viruses)
mechanisms by which the immune system can lead to cell injury or death? (3) - CORRECT ANSWERS
1. antibody attachment
2. complement activation
3. activation of imflammatory cells
normally the immune system fights against disease, but can sometimes become overzealous and can
lead to? - CORRECT ANSWERS hypersensitivity reactions
allergens have a high level of this? - CORRECT ANSWERS antibody (IgE)
, genetic factors can lead to cell injury/death by these 3 means? - CORRECT ANSWERS 1.
alterations of structure and number of chromosomes
2. single mutations of genes causing changes in the amount function of proteins
3. multiple gene mutations that can interact with environmental factors
how do nutritional imbalances result in cell stresses?
give example? - CORRECT ANSWERS deficiencies and excesses can cause pathology particularly
during growth and development.
ex: decrease in folic acid during pregnancy can result in spina bifida.
types of physical factors that can cause stress to cells? (5) - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. blunt trauma
2. hematoma
3. lacerations
4. abrasions
5. fractures
reversible cell injury? - CORRECT ANSWERS stress is small in magnitude or short in duration that
the cell is able to recover.
decrease or shrinkage in cellular size? - CORRECT ANSWERS atrophy
increase in size of cells and consequently in the size of the affected organ? - CORRECT ANSWERS
hypertrophy
increase in the number of cells resulting from the increase rate of cellular division? - CORRECT
ANSWERS hyperplasia
Complete Solutions (Latest 2025).
stressors to cells? (7) - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. ischemia
2. infectious disease
3. immune rxns
4. genetic factors
5. nutritional factors
6. physical factors
7. chemical factors
reversing cell injury depends on? (6) - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. type, severity and duration of
injury
2. adaptive processes of the cell
3. type of cell
4. level of differentiation
5. modifying factors
6. nutritional state
ischemia? - CORRECT ANSWERS lack of blood flow
these are responsible for the vast majority of infections? (2) - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. bacteria
2. viruses
mechanisms of infectious diseases depends on ability to? (3) - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. invade
and destroy cells
,2. produce toxins that cause cell lysis
3. produce hypersensitivity rxns
bacteria releases these _____ that cause cell lysis? - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. endotoxins
when microorganisms or their toxins are present in blood? - CORRECT ANSWERS sepsis
Viruses kill cells by these two mechanisms? - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. direct cytopathic effect
(RNA viruses)
1. indirect cytopathic effect (DNA viruses)
viruses use this mechanism to:
disturb the cellular processes of the nucleus and/or plasma membrane. Virally encoded proteins
become inserted in the membrane, altering permeability. - CORRECT ANSWERS Direct
cytopathic effect (RNA viruses)
viruses use this mechanism to integrate themselves into cellular genome producing foreign proteins? -
CORRECT ANSWERS indirect cytopathic effect (DNA viruses)
mechanisms by which the immune system can lead to cell injury or death? (3) - CORRECT ANSWERS
1. antibody attachment
2. complement activation
3. activation of imflammatory cells
normally the immune system fights against disease, but can sometimes become overzealous and can
lead to? - CORRECT ANSWERS hypersensitivity reactions
allergens have a high level of this? - CORRECT ANSWERS antibody (IgE)
, genetic factors can lead to cell injury/death by these 3 means? - CORRECT ANSWERS 1.
alterations of structure and number of chromosomes
2. single mutations of genes causing changes in the amount function of proteins
3. multiple gene mutations that can interact with environmental factors
how do nutritional imbalances result in cell stresses?
give example? - CORRECT ANSWERS deficiencies and excesses can cause pathology particularly
during growth and development.
ex: decrease in folic acid during pregnancy can result in spina bifida.
types of physical factors that can cause stress to cells? (5) - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. blunt trauma
2. hematoma
3. lacerations
4. abrasions
5. fractures
reversible cell injury? - CORRECT ANSWERS stress is small in magnitude or short in duration that
the cell is able to recover.
decrease or shrinkage in cellular size? - CORRECT ANSWERS atrophy
increase in size of cells and consequently in the size of the affected organ? - CORRECT ANSWERS
hypertrophy
increase in the number of cells resulting from the increase rate of cellular division? - CORRECT
ANSWERS hyperplasia
