BUL 4421 TEST PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔absolutism - ✔✔ethical fundamentalism; requires that individuals defer to a set of
rules to guide them in the ethical decision-making process.
✔✔consequentialism - ✔✔general approach to ethical dilemmas the requires that we
inquire about the consequences to relevant people of our making a particular decision
✔✔utilitarianism - ✔✔urges managers to take those actions that provide the greatest
pleasure after having subtracted the pain or harm associated with the action of
question.
✔✔act utilitarianism - ✔✔when faced with a choice, we must first consider the likely
consequences of potential actions and, from that, choose to do what we believe will
generate the most pleasure
✔✔rule utilitarianism - ✔✔the general rules that on balance produce the greatest
amount of pleasure for all involved should be established and followed in each situation.
✔✔cost-benefit analysis - ✔✔one form of utilitarianism commonly applied by firms and
government
✔✔deontology - ✔✔Kantian ethics; recognizes certain actions as right or wrong
regardless of consequences.
✔✔categorical imperative - ✔✔an action is moral only if it would be consistent for
everyone in society to act in the same way.
✔✔principle of rights - ✔✔The principle that human beings have certain fundamental
rights. A key factor in determining whether a business decision is ethical is how it affects
others' rights.
✔✔virtue ethics - ✔✔encourages individual to develop virtues (e.g. courage and
truthfulness) that guide behavior.
✔✔ethics of care - ✔✔holds that ethical behavior is determined by actions that care for
and maintain human relationships.
✔✔jurisdiction - ✔✔a courts power to hear certain kinds of cases (ex: criminal, probate,
bankruptcy)
✔✔trail courts - ✔✔a court in which most civil nor criminal cases start when they first
enter the legal system.
, ✔✔appellate courts - ✔✔power to review previous judicial decisions to determine
whether the trial courts erred in decisions; concerned primarily with the questions of law
• Question of law- issue concerning application of law
• Question of fact- question about an event of a case
✔✔in personam jurisdiction - ✔✔the power of a court to require that a party (usually the
defendant) or a witness come before the court; extends to the state's borders in the
state court system and across the court's geographic district in the federal system.
Also called personal jurisdiction and jurisdiction in personam.
✔✔planitiff - ✔✔Person or party who brings a lawsuit (an action) before a court by filing
a complaint with the clerk of the court against the defendant(s).
Also known as claimant or complainant
✔✔defendant - ✔✔The person the plaintiff is suing.
✔✔complaint - ✔✔Specifies the factual and legal basis for the lawsuit and the relief the
plaintiff seeks.
✔✔summons - ✔✔a legal document issued by a court and addressed to a defendant
that notifies him or her of a lawsuit and specifies how and when to respond to the
complaint.
may be used in both civil and criminal proceedings.
✔✔service of process - ✔✔The procedure by which courts present these documents to
defendants.
✔✔personal service - ✔✔the process in which an officer of the court hands legal
documents, such as a summons or complaint, to the defendant
✔✔long-arm statutes - ✔✔Enable the court to serve defendants outside the state as
long as the defendant has sufficient minimum contacts within the state and it seems fair
to assert long-arm jurisdiction over him or her.
✔✔in rem jurisdiction - ✔✔jurisdiction over a thing (ex: property within the state)
✔✔quasi in rem jurisdiction - ✔✔(attachment jurisdiction) over a defendants property
unrelated to the plaintiffs claim.
✔✔subject-matter jurisdiction - ✔✔the power of a court over the type case presented to
it.
ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔absolutism - ✔✔ethical fundamentalism; requires that individuals defer to a set of
rules to guide them in the ethical decision-making process.
✔✔consequentialism - ✔✔general approach to ethical dilemmas the requires that we
inquire about the consequences to relevant people of our making a particular decision
✔✔utilitarianism - ✔✔urges managers to take those actions that provide the greatest
pleasure after having subtracted the pain or harm associated with the action of
question.
✔✔act utilitarianism - ✔✔when faced with a choice, we must first consider the likely
consequences of potential actions and, from that, choose to do what we believe will
generate the most pleasure
✔✔rule utilitarianism - ✔✔the general rules that on balance produce the greatest
amount of pleasure for all involved should be established and followed in each situation.
✔✔cost-benefit analysis - ✔✔one form of utilitarianism commonly applied by firms and
government
✔✔deontology - ✔✔Kantian ethics; recognizes certain actions as right or wrong
regardless of consequences.
✔✔categorical imperative - ✔✔an action is moral only if it would be consistent for
everyone in society to act in the same way.
✔✔principle of rights - ✔✔The principle that human beings have certain fundamental
rights. A key factor in determining whether a business decision is ethical is how it affects
others' rights.
✔✔virtue ethics - ✔✔encourages individual to develop virtues (e.g. courage and
truthfulness) that guide behavior.
✔✔ethics of care - ✔✔holds that ethical behavior is determined by actions that care for
and maintain human relationships.
✔✔jurisdiction - ✔✔a courts power to hear certain kinds of cases (ex: criminal, probate,
bankruptcy)
✔✔trail courts - ✔✔a court in which most civil nor criminal cases start when they first
enter the legal system.
, ✔✔appellate courts - ✔✔power to review previous judicial decisions to determine
whether the trial courts erred in decisions; concerned primarily with the questions of law
• Question of law- issue concerning application of law
• Question of fact- question about an event of a case
✔✔in personam jurisdiction - ✔✔the power of a court to require that a party (usually the
defendant) or a witness come before the court; extends to the state's borders in the
state court system and across the court's geographic district in the federal system.
Also called personal jurisdiction and jurisdiction in personam.
✔✔planitiff - ✔✔Person or party who brings a lawsuit (an action) before a court by filing
a complaint with the clerk of the court against the defendant(s).
Also known as claimant or complainant
✔✔defendant - ✔✔The person the plaintiff is suing.
✔✔complaint - ✔✔Specifies the factual and legal basis for the lawsuit and the relief the
plaintiff seeks.
✔✔summons - ✔✔a legal document issued by a court and addressed to a defendant
that notifies him or her of a lawsuit and specifies how and when to respond to the
complaint.
may be used in both civil and criminal proceedings.
✔✔service of process - ✔✔The procedure by which courts present these documents to
defendants.
✔✔personal service - ✔✔the process in which an officer of the court hands legal
documents, such as a summons or complaint, to the defendant
✔✔long-arm statutes - ✔✔Enable the court to serve defendants outside the state as
long as the defendant has sufficient minimum contacts within the state and it seems fair
to assert long-arm jurisdiction over him or her.
✔✔in rem jurisdiction - ✔✔jurisdiction over a thing (ex: property within the state)
✔✔quasi in rem jurisdiction - ✔✔(attachment jurisdiction) over a defendants property
unrelated to the plaintiffs claim.
✔✔subject-matter jurisdiction - ✔✔the power of a court over the type case presented to
it.
