BUL 4421 STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔14th Amendment - ✔✔Ensures equal protection under the law.
✔✔Strict Scrutiny Test - ✔✔Legal standard applied to classifications that impede
fundamental rights based on race, national origin, or citizenship.
✔✔Intermediate Scrutiny Test - ✔✔Legal standard applied to classifications based on
gender or legitimacy of children.
✔✔Rational-Basis Test - ✔✔Legal standard applied to classifications not subject to
strict or intermediate scrutiny.
✔✔21st Amendment - ✔✔Repealed the prohibition of alcohol.
✔✔Actus Reus - ✔✔Wrongful behavior or guilty act.
✔✔Mens Rea - ✔✔Wrongful state of mind or guilty mind.
✔✔Vicarious Crime - ✔✔Employer's liability for the wrongful acts of employees in
certain situations.
✔✔Exclusionary Rule - ✔✔Prohibits the use of evidence obtained in violation of certain
constitutional rights in court.
✔✔Sarbanes-Oxley Act - ✔✔Legislation enacted to set higher standards for corporate
and criminal activities after scandals like Enron and WorldCom.
✔✔RICO Act - ✔✔Prohibits racketeering by individuals involved in corrupt
organizations.
✔✔False Claims Act - ✔✔Allows whistleblowers to sue on behalf of the government for
fraud and retain a share of the recovery.
✔✔Tort Law - ✔✔Addresses interpersonal harm beyond breaches of contract, aiming to
compensate, prevent retaliation, reinforce justice, and deter wrongs.
✔✔Intentional Torts - ✔✔Result from intentional actions by the defendant.
✔✔Negligent Torts - ✔✔Result from the defendant's actions that subject others to harm
due to negligence.
ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔14th Amendment - ✔✔Ensures equal protection under the law.
✔✔Strict Scrutiny Test - ✔✔Legal standard applied to classifications that impede
fundamental rights based on race, national origin, or citizenship.
✔✔Intermediate Scrutiny Test - ✔✔Legal standard applied to classifications based on
gender or legitimacy of children.
✔✔Rational-Basis Test - ✔✔Legal standard applied to classifications not subject to
strict or intermediate scrutiny.
✔✔21st Amendment - ✔✔Repealed the prohibition of alcohol.
✔✔Actus Reus - ✔✔Wrongful behavior or guilty act.
✔✔Mens Rea - ✔✔Wrongful state of mind or guilty mind.
✔✔Vicarious Crime - ✔✔Employer's liability for the wrongful acts of employees in
certain situations.
✔✔Exclusionary Rule - ✔✔Prohibits the use of evidence obtained in violation of certain
constitutional rights in court.
✔✔Sarbanes-Oxley Act - ✔✔Legislation enacted to set higher standards for corporate
and criminal activities after scandals like Enron and WorldCom.
✔✔RICO Act - ✔✔Prohibits racketeering by individuals involved in corrupt
organizations.
✔✔False Claims Act - ✔✔Allows whistleblowers to sue on behalf of the government for
fraud and retain a share of the recovery.
✔✔Tort Law - ✔✔Addresses interpersonal harm beyond breaches of contract, aiming to
compensate, prevent retaliation, reinforce justice, and deter wrongs.
✔✔Intentional Torts - ✔✔Result from intentional actions by the defendant.
✔✔Negligent Torts - ✔✔Result from the defendant's actions that subject others to harm
due to negligence.
