Examl 1:l BIOl 201/l BIO201l (NEWl 2025/l
2026l Update)l Humanl Anatomyl andl
Physiologyl Il Review|l Questionsl &l
Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl
(Verifiedl Solutions)-l GCU
QUESTION
Listl thel twol majorl typesl ofl transportl acrossl thel celll membranel andl thel subtypesl forl
each.
Answer:
Passive:l simplel diffusion,l channel-mediatedl diffusion,l carrier-mediatedl transport,l
facilitatedl diffusion
Active:l vesicularl (bulk)l transport,l receptorl mediatedl endocytosis?
QUESTION
Comparel andl contrastl simplel diffusionl withl channell mediatedl diffusion.
Answer:
Simple:l flowingl freely
Channel-mediated:l havel tol gol throughl al specificl channell createdl byl proteinsl thatl allowl
onlyl certainl thingsl tol pass
QUESTION
Whatl arel somel factorsl thatl affectl diffusion?
Answer:
Sizel -l bigl moleculesl takel longer
Concentrationl gradientl -l theyl wantl tol gol wherel thel leastl solutel is
Chargel -l theyl wantl tol bel balancedl -l oppositesl attract
Distancel -l shorterl distancel isl faster
Solubilityl -l likesl solublel materialsl becausel thel membranel isl lipid,l sol ifl itl isl lipidl
solublel itl willl gol through
QUESTION
,Sketchl thel differencel betweenl co-transportl andl counter-transport.
Answer:
QUESTION
Comparel andl contrastl facilitatedl diffusionl andl activel transport.
Answer:
Facilitatedl diffusion:l moleculesl tool largel tol fitl throughl channell proteins,l theyl bondl tol
receptorl sitel onl al carrierl proteinl whichl allowsl itl tol gol through
Activel transport:l requiresl ATP,l goesl againstl thel concentrationl gradient
QUESTION
Drawl andl labell thel processl ofl receptorl mediatedl endocytosis
Answer:
,QUESTION
Comparel andl contrastl pinocytosis,l phagocytosis,l andl exocytosis.
Answer:
Pinocytosis:l Celll drinkingl -l endosomesl drinkl extracellularl fluid
Phagocytosis:l Celll eatingl -l engulfl largel bacterial andl otherl objectsl inl phagosomes
Exocytosis:l reversel ofl endocytosisl -l outl ofl cell
QUESTION
Explainl inl detaill thel differencel betweenl al solutionl withl lowl vs.l highl osmolarity.
Answer:
Lowl osmolarity:l littlel solute,l al lotl ofl water
Highl osmolarity:l al lotl ofl solute,l littlel water
QUESTION
Describel inl detaill thel processl ofl osmosis.l Makel surel youl underwentl whatl substancel isl
movingl andl inl whichl direction.
Answer:
Osmosis:l thel diffusionl ofl waterl acrossl celll membrane,l waterl isl movingl inl tol areasl
withl highl osmolarityl andl outl ofl placesl withl lowl osmolarity
QUESTION
Howl dol osmoticl pressurel andl hydrostaticl pressurel differ?
, Answer:
Osmoticl pressure:l Pressurel withinl thel capillariesl duel tol proteinsl inl thel blood
Hydrostaticl pressure:l likel holesl inl al hose
QUESTION
Whatl isl tonicity?
Answer:
Thel osmoticl effectl ofl al solutel onl al celll -l "toned"l musclesl orl saggyl muscles?
Ifl itl isl hypo/hyper/isotonic.l Thel statusl ofl thel cell-l ifl itl isl swollen,l crenated,l orl normal.
QUESTION
Explainl whatl willl happenl tol al celll ifl itl isl placedl inl anl isotonicl solution,l al hypotonicl
solution,l orl al hypertonicl solution.
Answer:
Isotonic:l itl willl stayl thel same
Hypotonic:l Havel lessl solute,l sol causesl waterl tol flowl intol cell,l causingl celll tol expandl
tool much
Hypertonic:l Havel morel solute,l sol causesl waterl tol flowl outl ofl celll intol solution,l
causingl itl tol shrivel
QUESTION
Whatl isl crenation?l Hemolysis?
Answer:
Crenation:l celll shrivelingl orl shrinking
Hemolysis:l rupturingl ofl redl bloodl cells
QUESTION
Labell thel majorl structuresl foundl inl al neuronl andl describel theirl functions.
Answer:
Dendrite:l Spikesl offl celll body,l short,l highlyl branchedl signall receptivel regionsl -l conveyl
incomingl messagesl towardl celll body
Celll Body:l Flatl partl thatl dendritesl comel offl of,l receivesl messages
Axon:l Impulsel generatingl andl conductingl regionl ofl thel neuron
Schwannl Cell:l Onel singlel celll inl thel axon
Axonl Terminal:l Thel oppositel endl ofl thel neuron,l sendsl signall tol bodyl parts
Nodesl ofl Ranvier:l Inl betweenl Schwannl Cells
2026l Update)l Humanl Anatomyl andl
Physiologyl Il Review|l Questionsl &l
Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl
(Verifiedl Solutions)-l GCU
QUESTION
Listl thel twol majorl typesl ofl transportl acrossl thel celll membranel andl thel subtypesl forl
each.
Answer:
Passive:l simplel diffusion,l channel-mediatedl diffusion,l carrier-mediatedl transport,l
facilitatedl diffusion
Active:l vesicularl (bulk)l transport,l receptorl mediatedl endocytosis?
QUESTION
Comparel andl contrastl simplel diffusionl withl channell mediatedl diffusion.
Answer:
Simple:l flowingl freely
Channel-mediated:l havel tol gol throughl al specificl channell createdl byl proteinsl thatl allowl
onlyl certainl thingsl tol pass
QUESTION
Whatl arel somel factorsl thatl affectl diffusion?
Answer:
Sizel -l bigl moleculesl takel longer
Concentrationl gradientl -l theyl wantl tol gol wherel thel leastl solutel is
Chargel -l theyl wantl tol bel balancedl -l oppositesl attract
Distancel -l shorterl distancel isl faster
Solubilityl -l likesl solublel materialsl becausel thel membranel isl lipid,l sol ifl itl isl lipidl
solublel itl willl gol through
QUESTION
,Sketchl thel differencel betweenl co-transportl andl counter-transport.
Answer:
QUESTION
Comparel andl contrastl facilitatedl diffusionl andl activel transport.
Answer:
Facilitatedl diffusion:l moleculesl tool largel tol fitl throughl channell proteins,l theyl bondl tol
receptorl sitel onl al carrierl proteinl whichl allowsl itl tol gol through
Activel transport:l requiresl ATP,l goesl againstl thel concentrationl gradient
QUESTION
Drawl andl labell thel processl ofl receptorl mediatedl endocytosis
Answer:
,QUESTION
Comparel andl contrastl pinocytosis,l phagocytosis,l andl exocytosis.
Answer:
Pinocytosis:l Celll drinkingl -l endosomesl drinkl extracellularl fluid
Phagocytosis:l Celll eatingl -l engulfl largel bacterial andl otherl objectsl inl phagosomes
Exocytosis:l reversel ofl endocytosisl -l outl ofl cell
QUESTION
Explainl inl detaill thel differencel betweenl al solutionl withl lowl vs.l highl osmolarity.
Answer:
Lowl osmolarity:l littlel solute,l al lotl ofl water
Highl osmolarity:l al lotl ofl solute,l littlel water
QUESTION
Describel inl detaill thel processl ofl osmosis.l Makel surel youl underwentl whatl substancel isl
movingl andl inl whichl direction.
Answer:
Osmosis:l thel diffusionl ofl waterl acrossl celll membrane,l waterl isl movingl inl tol areasl
withl highl osmolarityl andl outl ofl placesl withl lowl osmolarity
QUESTION
Howl dol osmoticl pressurel andl hydrostaticl pressurel differ?
, Answer:
Osmoticl pressure:l Pressurel withinl thel capillariesl duel tol proteinsl inl thel blood
Hydrostaticl pressure:l likel holesl inl al hose
QUESTION
Whatl isl tonicity?
Answer:
Thel osmoticl effectl ofl al solutel onl al celll -l "toned"l musclesl orl saggyl muscles?
Ifl itl isl hypo/hyper/isotonic.l Thel statusl ofl thel cell-l ifl itl isl swollen,l crenated,l orl normal.
QUESTION
Explainl whatl willl happenl tol al celll ifl itl isl placedl inl anl isotonicl solution,l al hypotonicl
solution,l orl al hypertonicl solution.
Answer:
Isotonic:l itl willl stayl thel same
Hypotonic:l Havel lessl solute,l sol causesl waterl tol flowl intol cell,l causingl celll tol expandl
tool much
Hypertonic:l Havel morel solute,l sol causesl waterl tol flowl outl ofl celll intol solution,l
causingl itl tol shrivel
QUESTION
Whatl isl crenation?l Hemolysis?
Answer:
Crenation:l celll shrivelingl orl shrinking
Hemolysis:l rupturingl ofl redl bloodl cells
QUESTION
Labell thel majorl structuresl foundl inl al neuronl andl describel theirl functions.
Answer:
Dendrite:l Spikesl offl celll body,l short,l highlyl branchedl signall receptivel regionsl -l conveyl
incomingl messagesl towardl celll body
Celll Body:l Flatl partl thatl dendritesl comel offl of,l receivesl messages
Axon:l Impulsel generatingl andl conductingl regionl ofl thel neuron
Schwannl Cell:l Onel singlel celll inl thel axon
Axonl Terminal:l Thel oppositel endl ofl thel neuron,l sendsl signall tol bodyl parts
Nodesl ofl Ranvier:l Inl betweenl Schwannl Cells
