Examl 3:l BIOl 202/l BIO202l (NEWl 2025/l
2026l Update)l Humanl Anatomyl andl
Physiologyl IIl Guide|l Questionsl &l
Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl
(Verifiedl Solutions)-l GCU
QUESTION
Whatl isl thel normall volumel ofl inspirationl duringl quietl breathing?
Answer:
500l mll ofl airl flowsl withl al quietl breathl -l calledl tidall volume
-spirometryl measuresl howl fastl andl howl muchl airl youl breathel out
QUESTION
Listl ANDl describel ALLl ofl thel respiratoryl volumesl ANDl respiratoryl capacities.l Il wouldl
drawl outl thel spirograml vs.l justl staringl atl itl andl convincingl yourselfl thatl youl knowl it!
Answer:
*Respiratoryl Volumes*
1.l Tidall Volumel (TV):l thel amountl ofl airl movingl intol &l outl ofl thel lungsl w/l eachl
breath
2.l Inspiratoryl Reservel Volumel (IRV):l airl inl excessl ofl tidall inspirationl thatl canl bel
inhaledl withl maximuml effort
3.l Expiratoryl Reservel Volumel (ERV):l airl inl excessl ofl tidall expirationl thatl canl bel
exhaledl withl maximuml effort
4.l Residuall Volumel (RV):l airl remainingl inl lungsl afterl maximuml expiration.l Preventsl
alveolil collapse
*Respiratoryl Capacities*
1.l Inspiratoryl Capacityl (IC):l totall amountl ofl airl thatl canl bel inspiredl afterl tidall
expirationl (TVl +l IRV)
2.l Functionall Residuall Capacityl (FRC):l combinedl residuall &l expiratoryl reservel volumesl
(ERVl +l RV).l Thel amountl ofl airl remainingl inl lungsl afterl tidall expiration.
3.l Vitall Capacityl (VC):l totall amountl ofl exchangeablel airl (TVl +l IRVl +l ERV)l 80%l ofl
TLCl =l 6000l -l 4200mL
-amountl ofl airl youl canl movel froml maximall inspirationl tol maximall expiration
,4.l Totall Lungl Capacityl (TLC):l suml ofl alll lungl volumesl (TVl +l IRVl +l ERVl +l RV)
QUESTION
Whatl doesl FEVl describe?
Answer:
Forcedl Expiratoryl Volumel (FEV)l -l amountl ofl airl thatl youl canl forcel outl afterl fulll
inspiration
Healthyl Adultl -l 75l tol 85%l Inl 1l Sec
QUESTION
Whatl isl thel normall compositionl ofl air?
Answer:
-Nitrogenl (N2)l aboutl 78.1%
-Oxygenl (O2)l aboutl 20.9%l (seal levell andl highl elevation)
-Waterl vaporl (H2O)l aboutl 0.5%
-Carbonl dioxidel (CO2)l aboutl 0.04%
-percentagesl stayl thel samel therel isl justl morel oxygenl atl lowerl elevation
QUESTION
Usel Dalton'sl Lawl tol explainl thel ideal ofl partiall pressures.
Answer:
Dalton'sl law:l Eachl gasl contributesl tol thel totall pressurel inl proportionl tol itsl numberl ofl
molecules
-partiall pressurel isl producedl byl airl moleculesl bumpingl intol eachl other
-atmosphericl pressurel isl 760l mmHg
-N2l =l 78.1%l O2=l 20.9%
QUESTION
Whatl arel thel fourl respiratoryl systeml processes?
Answer:
Respiratoryl system:l
1.l Pulmonaryl ventilation:l movementl ofl airl intol andl outl ofl lungsl -l gasesl continuallyl
changed
,2.l Externall respiration:l Gasl exchangel betweenl bloodl andl lungs-l
Circulatoryl system:
3.l Transportl ofl respiratoryl gases:l (O2l uptakel andl CO2dump)l transportl ofl gasesl betweenl
lungsl andl cells
4.l Internall respiration:l (O2l dumpl andl CO2l uptake)l gasl exchangel betweenl systemicl
bloodl andl cellsl Co2l movesl outl ofl celll towardl blood
QUESTION
Usel Henry'sl Lawl tol explainl whyl al personl SCUBAl divingl mightl getl thel bendsl ifl theyl
ascendl tol thel surfacel ofl thel waterl tool quickly.
Answer:
whenl thel scubal diverl ascendsl tool quicklyl thel CO2l (soluble)l andl O2l (lessl soluble)l willl
stayl dissolvedl andl thel N2l (veryl lowl solubility)l willl expand,l causingl bubblesl inl thel
blood.l
Thel amountl ofl dissolvedl gasl inl liquidl isl proportionall tol itsl partiall pressurel abovel thel
liquid
QUESTION
Usel thel conceptl ofl partiall pressuresl ofl gasesl tol explainl howl gasesl arel exchangedl atl
thel levell ofl thel alveolil andl inl peripherall tissues.
Answer:
Gasl Exchangel inl Lungs
-Bloodl arrivingl tol lungsl inl pulmonaryl arteriesl hasl Lowl Po2l andl Highl Pco2
-Thel concentrationl gradientl causesl O2l tol enterl thel bloodl andl Co2l tol leavel thel blood
-Rapidl exchangel allowsl bloodl andl alveolarl airl tol reachl equilibriuml
Peripherall Tissues
-PO2l 40l mml Hgl
-PCO2l 45l mml Hg
Concentrationl gradientl inl peripherall capillariesl isl oppositel ofl lungs:
-CO2l diffusesl intol blood
-O2l diffusesl outl ofl blood
QUESTION
Reviewl thel structurel ofl hemoglobinl (Hb)
Answer:
, twol alphal andl twol betal chains
-fourl hemel groupsl thatl containsl iron
-eachl ironl moleculel bindsl fourl O2l molecules
QUESTION
Usel thel oxyhemoglobinl dissociationl curvel tol explainl howl al personl canl bel atl al higherl
altitudel andl stilll havel al relativelyl decentl percentl oxygenl saturationl ofl theirl hemoglobin.
Answer:
Atl al partiall pressurel ofl ~l 25l mmHg,l Hbl isl stilll 50%l saturated!
Itl takesl al lotl ofl hemoglobinl tol becomel saturated
QUESTION
Whatl exactlyl isl positivel cooperativityl inl regardsl tol hemoglobinl andl itsl buddyl oxygen?
Answer:
compliance
-al morel metabolicallyl activel tissuel willl wantl Hbl tol letl gol ofl itsl oxygenl morel easily
-asl thel PO2l increasesl thel hemoglobinl moleculel acquiresl atl leastl onel moleculel ofl O2;l
thel bindingl ofl onel moleculel ofl O2l tol hemoglobinl causesl al conformationall changel inl
thel hemoglobin;l anl increasedl affinityl leadingl tol al positivel cooperatively
QUESTION
Ifl al tissuel hasl al highl oxygenl reserve,l howl isl hemoglobinl goingl tol respondl inl termsl ofl
givingl upl itsl oxygen?
Answer:
O2l diffuses:
-Froml peripherall capillariesl (highl PO2)
-Intol interstitiall fluidl inl peripherall tissuesl (lowl PO2)
-Amountl ofl O2l releasedl dependsl onl interstitiall PO2l
-Inactivel tissuesl willl havel al higherl PO2l
Sol lessl O2l willl bel unloadedl inl tissuesl thatl aren'tl doingl thatl muchl work
QUESTION
Drawl outl ANDl labell anl oxyhemoglobinl dissociationl curvel illustratingl howl oxygenl
unloadingl isl affectl byl thel following:
2026l Update)l Humanl Anatomyl andl
Physiologyl IIl Guide|l Questionsl &l
Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl
(Verifiedl Solutions)-l GCU
QUESTION
Whatl isl thel normall volumel ofl inspirationl duringl quietl breathing?
Answer:
500l mll ofl airl flowsl withl al quietl breathl -l calledl tidall volume
-spirometryl measuresl howl fastl andl howl muchl airl youl breathel out
QUESTION
Listl ANDl describel ALLl ofl thel respiratoryl volumesl ANDl respiratoryl capacities.l Il wouldl
drawl outl thel spirograml vs.l justl staringl atl itl andl convincingl yourselfl thatl youl knowl it!
Answer:
*Respiratoryl Volumes*
1.l Tidall Volumel (TV):l thel amountl ofl airl movingl intol &l outl ofl thel lungsl w/l eachl
breath
2.l Inspiratoryl Reservel Volumel (IRV):l airl inl excessl ofl tidall inspirationl thatl canl bel
inhaledl withl maximuml effort
3.l Expiratoryl Reservel Volumel (ERV):l airl inl excessl ofl tidall expirationl thatl canl bel
exhaledl withl maximuml effort
4.l Residuall Volumel (RV):l airl remainingl inl lungsl afterl maximuml expiration.l Preventsl
alveolil collapse
*Respiratoryl Capacities*
1.l Inspiratoryl Capacityl (IC):l totall amountl ofl airl thatl canl bel inspiredl afterl tidall
expirationl (TVl +l IRV)
2.l Functionall Residuall Capacityl (FRC):l combinedl residuall &l expiratoryl reservel volumesl
(ERVl +l RV).l Thel amountl ofl airl remainingl inl lungsl afterl tidall expiration.
3.l Vitall Capacityl (VC):l totall amountl ofl exchangeablel airl (TVl +l IRVl +l ERV)l 80%l ofl
TLCl =l 6000l -l 4200mL
-amountl ofl airl youl canl movel froml maximall inspirationl tol maximall expiration
,4.l Totall Lungl Capacityl (TLC):l suml ofl alll lungl volumesl (TVl +l IRVl +l ERVl +l RV)
QUESTION
Whatl doesl FEVl describe?
Answer:
Forcedl Expiratoryl Volumel (FEV)l -l amountl ofl airl thatl youl canl forcel outl afterl fulll
inspiration
Healthyl Adultl -l 75l tol 85%l Inl 1l Sec
QUESTION
Whatl isl thel normall compositionl ofl air?
Answer:
-Nitrogenl (N2)l aboutl 78.1%
-Oxygenl (O2)l aboutl 20.9%l (seal levell andl highl elevation)
-Waterl vaporl (H2O)l aboutl 0.5%
-Carbonl dioxidel (CO2)l aboutl 0.04%
-percentagesl stayl thel samel therel isl justl morel oxygenl atl lowerl elevation
QUESTION
Usel Dalton'sl Lawl tol explainl thel ideal ofl partiall pressures.
Answer:
Dalton'sl law:l Eachl gasl contributesl tol thel totall pressurel inl proportionl tol itsl numberl ofl
molecules
-partiall pressurel isl producedl byl airl moleculesl bumpingl intol eachl other
-atmosphericl pressurel isl 760l mmHg
-N2l =l 78.1%l O2=l 20.9%
QUESTION
Whatl arel thel fourl respiratoryl systeml processes?
Answer:
Respiratoryl system:l
1.l Pulmonaryl ventilation:l movementl ofl airl intol andl outl ofl lungsl -l gasesl continuallyl
changed
,2.l Externall respiration:l Gasl exchangel betweenl bloodl andl lungs-l
Circulatoryl system:
3.l Transportl ofl respiratoryl gases:l (O2l uptakel andl CO2dump)l transportl ofl gasesl betweenl
lungsl andl cells
4.l Internall respiration:l (O2l dumpl andl CO2l uptake)l gasl exchangel betweenl systemicl
bloodl andl cellsl Co2l movesl outl ofl celll towardl blood
QUESTION
Usel Henry'sl Lawl tol explainl whyl al personl SCUBAl divingl mightl getl thel bendsl ifl theyl
ascendl tol thel surfacel ofl thel waterl tool quickly.
Answer:
whenl thel scubal diverl ascendsl tool quicklyl thel CO2l (soluble)l andl O2l (lessl soluble)l willl
stayl dissolvedl andl thel N2l (veryl lowl solubility)l willl expand,l causingl bubblesl inl thel
blood.l
Thel amountl ofl dissolvedl gasl inl liquidl isl proportionall tol itsl partiall pressurel abovel thel
liquid
QUESTION
Usel thel conceptl ofl partiall pressuresl ofl gasesl tol explainl howl gasesl arel exchangedl atl
thel levell ofl thel alveolil andl inl peripherall tissues.
Answer:
Gasl Exchangel inl Lungs
-Bloodl arrivingl tol lungsl inl pulmonaryl arteriesl hasl Lowl Po2l andl Highl Pco2
-Thel concentrationl gradientl causesl O2l tol enterl thel bloodl andl Co2l tol leavel thel blood
-Rapidl exchangel allowsl bloodl andl alveolarl airl tol reachl equilibriuml
Peripherall Tissues
-PO2l 40l mml Hgl
-PCO2l 45l mml Hg
Concentrationl gradientl inl peripherall capillariesl isl oppositel ofl lungs:
-CO2l diffusesl intol blood
-O2l diffusesl outl ofl blood
QUESTION
Reviewl thel structurel ofl hemoglobinl (Hb)
Answer:
, twol alphal andl twol betal chains
-fourl hemel groupsl thatl containsl iron
-eachl ironl moleculel bindsl fourl O2l molecules
QUESTION
Usel thel oxyhemoglobinl dissociationl curvel tol explainl howl al personl canl bel atl al higherl
altitudel andl stilll havel al relativelyl decentl percentl oxygenl saturationl ofl theirl hemoglobin.
Answer:
Atl al partiall pressurel ofl ~l 25l mmHg,l Hbl isl stilll 50%l saturated!
Itl takesl al lotl ofl hemoglobinl tol becomel saturated
QUESTION
Whatl exactlyl isl positivel cooperativityl inl regardsl tol hemoglobinl andl itsl buddyl oxygen?
Answer:
compliance
-al morel metabolicallyl activel tissuel willl wantl Hbl tol letl gol ofl itsl oxygenl morel easily
-asl thel PO2l increasesl thel hemoglobinl moleculel acquiresl atl leastl onel moleculel ofl O2;l
thel bindingl ofl onel moleculel ofl O2l tol hemoglobinl causesl al conformationall changel inl
thel hemoglobin;l anl increasedl affinityl leadingl tol al positivel cooperatively
QUESTION
Ifl al tissuel hasl al highl oxygenl reserve,l howl isl hemoglobinl goingl tol respondl inl termsl ofl
givingl upl itsl oxygen?
Answer:
O2l diffuses:
-Froml peripherall capillariesl (highl PO2)
-Intol interstitiall fluidl inl peripherall tissuesl (lowl PO2)
-Amountl ofl O2l releasedl dependsl onl interstitiall PO2l
-Inactivel tissuesl willl havel al higherl PO2l
Sol lessl O2l willl bel unloadedl inl tissuesl thatl aren'tl doingl thatl muchl work
QUESTION
Drawl outl ANDl labell anl oxyhemoglobinl dissociationl curvel illustratingl howl oxygenl
unloadingl isl affectl byl thel following:
