Examl 1:l BIOl 322/l BIO322l (NEWl 2025/l
2026l Update)l Appliedl Pathophysiologyl
Guidel |l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l
100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l GCU
QUESTION
Apoptosis
Answer:
programmedl celll death
highlyl selective
QUESTION
5l typesl ofl necrosisl (autolysis)
Answer:
-Coagulative
-Liquefactive
-Caseous
-Fat
-Gangrenous
QUESTION
Coagulativel Necrosis
Answer:
Affectsl kidney
Denaturationl ofl proteinsl froml gell tol firml state
QUESTION
Liquefactivel Necrosis
,Answer:
-affectsl Neurons/Gliall cellsl inl brain
-cellsl 'digested'l byl theirl ownl hydrolysesl (tissuel becomesl soft)
-Walledl offl froml healthyl tissuel formingl cysts
QUESTION
Caseousl necrosisl (cheesel like)
Answer:
Tb;l combol ofl coagulativel andl liquefactivel
-cellsl disintegrate/denaturel butl debrisl isl walledl off
QUESTION
Fat
Answer:
Causedl byl lipases:
breast,l pancreas,l abdominall structures
-sponification
QUESTION
Gangrenous
Answer:
-extremitiesl duel tol physicall injuryl andl traumal
-Dryl gangrenel andl wetl gangrene
QUESTION
Gene
Answer:
DNAl segmentl
codesl forl productionl ofl specificl protein
,QUESTION
Geneticsl study
Answer:
Studyl ofl individuall genesl
-Geneticl impactl (inheritance,l singlel genel andl chromosomall disorders)
QUESTION
Genomics
Answer:
Studyl ofl structure,l functionl andl analysisl ofl humanl genome
QUESTION
Epigenetics
Answer:
Externall modificationl ofl DNAl thatl affectl genel expression
QUESTION
Epigenomics
Answer:
Studyl ofl chemicall compoundsl thatl instructl thel genomel wherel andl whenl genesl arel
expressedl withinl al cell
QUESTION
Originl ofl geneticl disorders
Answer:
chromosomall
single-gene
, multifactorial
QUESTION
Chromosomall disordersl example
Answer:
-Downl syndromel
-Klinefelterl syndrome
QUESTION
Trisomyl 21
Answer:
conditionl inl whichl anl individuall hasl threel numberl 21l chromosomes,l resultingl inl Downl
syndrome
QUESTION
Signsl andl symptomsl forl Trisomyl 21
Answer:
Smalll head/flatl face
Slantedl eyes
Simianl crease
Heartl defects/leukemia/l dementia
QUESTION
Testingl forl Trisomyl 21
Answer:
Prenatall care-USl orl amniocentesis
-Karyotypel test
2026l Update)l Appliedl Pathophysiologyl
Guidel |l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l
100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l GCU
QUESTION
Apoptosis
Answer:
programmedl celll death
highlyl selective
QUESTION
5l typesl ofl necrosisl (autolysis)
Answer:
-Coagulative
-Liquefactive
-Caseous
-Fat
-Gangrenous
QUESTION
Coagulativel Necrosis
Answer:
Affectsl kidney
Denaturationl ofl proteinsl froml gell tol firml state
QUESTION
Liquefactivel Necrosis
,Answer:
-affectsl Neurons/Gliall cellsl inl brain
-cellsl 'digested'l byl theirl ownl hydrolysesl (tissuel becomesl soft)
-Walledl offl froml healthyl tissuel formingl cysts
QUESTION
Caseousl necrosisl (cheesel like)
Answer:
Tb;l combol ofl coagulativel andl liquefactivel
-cellsl disintegrate/denaturel butl debrisl isl walledl off
QUESTION
Fat
Answer:
Causedl byl lipases:
breast,l pancreas,l abdominall structures
-sponification
QUESTION
Gangrenous
Answer:
-extremitiesl duel tol physicall injuryl andl traumal
-Dryl gangrenel andl wetl gangrene
QUESTION
Gene
Answer:
DNAl segmentl
codesl forl productionl ofl specificl protein
,QUESTION
Geneticsl study
Answer:
Studyl ofl individuall genesl
-Geneticl impactl (inheritance,l singlel genel andl chromosomall disorders)
QUESTION
Genomics
Answer:
Studyl ofl structure,l functionl andl analysisl ofl humanl genome
QUESTION
Epigenetics
Answer:
Externall modificationl ofl DNAl thatl affectl genel expression
QUESTION
Epigenomics
Answer:
Studyl ofl chemicall compoundsl thatl instructl thel genomel wherel andl whenl genesl arel
expressedl withinl al cell
QUESTION
Originl ofl geneticl disorders
Answer:
chromosomall
single-gene
, multifactorial
QUESTION
Chromosomall disordersl example
Answer:
-Downl syndromel
-Klinefelterl syndrome
QUESTION
Trisomyl 21
Answer:
conditionl inl whichl anl individuall hasl threel numberl 21l chromosomes,l resultingl inl Downl
syndrome
QUESTION
Signsl andl symptomsl forl Trisomyl 21
Answer:
Smalll head/flatl face
Slantedl eyes
Simianl crease
Heartl defects/leukemia/l dementia
QUESTION
Testingl forl Trisomyl 21
Answer:
Prenatall care-USl orl amniocentesis
-Karyotypel test
