HMX Physiology Test Questions and Answers Fully Solved Latest Update 2025-2026
Patm - Answers 760 mm Hg (mercury)
PN2 (partial pressure of nitrogen in air) - Answers Patm * PN2 (760 * 0.78) = 592.8 mm Hg
PO2 (partial pressure of oxygen in air) - Answers Patm * PO2 (760 * 0.21) = 160 mm Hg
Alveolus - Answers tiny air sacs of lungs which allow for rapid gas exchange
Atmospheric pressure - Answers pressure exerted by weight of atmosphere
Boyle's Law - Answers P x V = k. Inverse relationship between pressure and volume for fixed amount of
gas at constant temperature. Pressure * Volume = Constant K
Capillaries - Answers tiny, branching blood vessels that form a network between arterioles and venules
Hemoglobin (Hgb) - Answers protein in blood cell that binds O2. Normal level: 12 g/dL. iron rich protein
that helps RBCs carry O2 from lungs to rest of body. 1g of Hgb carries 1.39 mL
Partial Pressure - Answers pressure that would be exerted by one of the gases in a mixture if it occupied
the same volume on its own
Partial pressure of a gas dissolved in liquid - Answers = partial pressure in air above water
Pgas - Answers = Fgas (friction of gas) x Ptotal
Dalton's law - Answers Ptotal = P1 + ... + Pn. In a mix of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted =
sum of partial pressures of individual gases
Total Oxygen in Blood - Answers = O2 dissolved + O2 bound to hemoglobin
Kidneys - Answers conserve water, filter toxins or byproducts of metabolism, getting rid of excess
dietary fluid and salt
Concentration gradient - Answers gradual change in concentration of solutes present in a solution
between 2 regions
Dialysate - Answers part of mixture which passes through membrane in dialysis. Solution of pure water,
electrolytes, and salt, like bicarbonate and sodium
Dialysis kidney - Answers process of removing waste products and excess fluid from body
Edema - Answers puffiness caused by excess fluid trapped in body's tissues. Increased hydrostatic
pressure, decreased oncotic pressure
extracellular space - Answers intravascular + intrastitial space. 1/3 of body.
, glomerulus - Answers cluster of nerve endings, spores, or small blood vessels (cluster of capillaries
around end of kidney tubule), where waste products are filtered from blood
hydrostatic force/pressure - Answers fluid pressure. water moves from high hydrostatic pressure to low
hydrostatic pressure
interstitial pressure - Answers surrounds tissue cells. filled with fluid.
intravascular space - Answers blood vessels. 1/3 of body fluid in extracellular is in here
intracellular space - Answers space within organism's cells. 2/3 of total body water of humans found
here
oncotic force/pressure - Answers osmotic consequence of having a differential concentration of protein
across the wall of a capillary
osmotic force/pressure - Answers water moves from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high
solute concentration. Difference in concentration. Fluid movement across cell walls.
Renal/kidney tubule - Answers conveys urine from glomeruli to renal pelvis in vertebrate kidney
semi-permeable membrane - Answers biological membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to
pass through it by diffusion
starling forces - Answers govern movement of fluid into & out of blood vessels. Fluid movement across
capillary walls. Favor filtration at arterial ends of capillaries and reabsorption at venous ends of
capillaries
urea - Answers nitrogenous compound. formed in liver via urea cycle from ammonia and is final end
product of protein metabolism
dialyzer - Answers filters blood during hemodialysis
air trapping - Answers abnormal retention of air in lungs where it is difficult to exhale completely. Flow is
inadequate to move sufficient air out of lungs during exhalation.
arterioles - Answers small branch of an artery leading into capillaries
cardiac output - Answers product of heart rate (HR) * # of heart bpm (stroke volume(SV)). = HR*SV. How
much blood comes out of heart. volume of blood being pumped to heart
cross-sectional area - Answers view into inside of something. specific area
flow-volume plot - Answers derivative of time-volume plot
TLC - Answers total lung capacity
RV - Answers residual volume
Patm - Answers 760 mm Hg (mercury)
PN2 (partial pressure of nitrogen in air) - Answers Patm * PN2 (760 * 0.78) = 592.8 mm Hg
PO2 (partial pressure of oxygen in air) - Answers Patm * PO2 (760 * 0.21) = 160 mm Hg
Alveolus - Answers tiny air sacs of lungs which allow for rapid gas exchange
Atmospheric pressure - Answers pressure exerted by weight of atmosphere
Boyle's Law - Answers P x V = k. Inverse relationship between pressure and volume for fixed amount of
gas at constant temperature. Pressure * Volume = Constant K
Capillaries - Answers tiny, branching blood vessels that form a network between arterioles and venules
Hemoglobin (Hgb) - Answers protein in blood cell that binds O2. Normal level: 12 g/dL. iron rich protein
that helps RBCs carry O2 from lungs to rest of body. 1g of Hgb carries 1.39 mL
Partial Pressure - Answers pressure that would be exerted by one of the gases in a mixture if it occupied
the same volume on its own
Partial pressure of a gas dissolved in liquid - Answers = partial pressure in air above water
Pgas - Answers = Fgas (friction of gas) x Ptotal
Dalton's law - Answers Ptotal = P1 + ... + Pn. In a mix of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted =
sum of partial pressures of individual gases
Total Oxygen in Blood - Answers = O2 dissolved + O2 bound to hemoglobin
Kidneys - Answers conserve water, filter toxins or byproducts of metabolism, getting rid of excess
dietary fluid and salt
Concentration gradient - Answers gradual change in concentration of solutes present in a solution
between 2 regions
Dialysate - Answers part of mixture which passes through membrane in dialysis. Solution of pure water,
electrolytes, and salt, like bicarbonate and sodium
Dialysis kidney - Answers process of removing waste products and excess fluid from body
Edema - Answers puffiness caused by excess fluid trapped in body's tissues. Increased hydrostatic
pressure, decreased oncotic pressure
extracellular space - Answers intravascular + intrastitial space. 1/3 of body.
, glomerulus - Answers cluster of nerve endings, spores, or small blood vessels (cluster of capillaries
around end of kidney tubule), where waste products are filtered from blood
hydrostatic force/pressure - Answers fluid pressure. water moves from high hydrostatic pressure to low
hydrostatic pressure
interstitial pressure - Answers surrounds tissue cells. filled with fluid.
intravascular space - Answers blood vessels. 1/3 of body fluid in extracellular is in here
intracellular space - Answers space within organism's cells. 2/3 of total body water of humans found
here
oncotic force/pressure - Answers osmotic consequence of having a differential concentration of protein
across the wall of a capillary
osmotic force/pressure - Answers water moves from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high
solute concentration. Difference in concentration. Fluid movement across cell walls.
Renal/kidney tubule - Answers conveys urine from glomeruli to renal pelvis in vertebrate kidney
semi-permeable membrane - Answers biological membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to
pass through it by diffusion
starling forces - Answers govern movement of fluid into & out of blood vessels. Fluid movement across
capillary walls. Favor filtration at arterial ends of capillaries and reabsorption at venous ends of
capillaries
urea - Answers nitrogenous compound. formed in liver via urea cycle from ammonia and is final end
product of protein metabolism
dialyzer - Answers filters blood during hemodialysis
air trapping - Answers abnormal retention of air in lungs where it is difficult to exhale completely. Flow is
inadequate to move sufficient air out of lungs during exhalation.
arterioles - Answers small branch of an artery leading into capillaries
cardiac output - Answers product of heart rate (HR) * # of heart bpm (stroke volume(SV)). = HR*SV. How
much blood comes out of heart. volume of blood being pumped to heart
cross-sectional area - Answers view into inside of something. specific area
flow-volume plot - Answers derivative of time-volume plot
TLC - Answers total lung capacity
RV - Answers residual volume
