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Lurking Variable - Answer✅✅Associated with the explanatory and the response
variables that is not directly being studied.
Simpson's Paradox - Answer✅✅Occurs when a trend or result that appears in
groups of data disappears when we combine the data.
Regression Analysis - Answer✅✅A process for estimating and analyzing the
relationship between variables.
Least-Squares Regression Line - Answer✅✅AKA the line of best fit.
y = mx + b
"rise over run"
Interpolation - Answer✅✅Using existing data along with the Least-Squares
Regression Line to make a prediction.
Extrapolation - Answer✅✅Estimation by projecting OUTSIDE known data points.
, p-value - Answer✅✅the probability that a result occurred by chance
Significance Levels in Hypothesis Testing - Answer✅✅Statistically Significant: If a
measured p-value is less than the significance level.
NOT Statistically Significant: If a measured p-value is MORE than the significance
level.
Empirical Rule - Answer✅✅68 - 95 - 99.7
68% is w/in 1 standard deviation of the mean
95% is w/in 1 standard deviation of the mean
99.7% is w/in 1 standard deviation of the mean
Used for Categorical (Qual) Data - Answer✅✅Bar Chart
Pie Chart
Mean - Answer✅✅Average - adding series then dividing by the total number in that
series
Center & Spread Measures - Answer✅✅SYMMETRIC - Mean (center) / Standard
Deviation (spread)
SKEWED - Median (center) / IQR (spread)
CATEGORICAL - Mode (center) / no spread
What is the difference between a bar chart and a histogram? - Answer✅✅BAR
CHART - Categorical data distributed over groups of categories
HISTOGRAM - Quantitative data distributed over various intervals
Outlier Formula - Answer✅✅1.5 x IQR above Q3 or below Q1
Graphical Displays for Quantitative Variables - Answer✅✅HISTOGRAMS - large data
sets
STEM PLOTS - keeps individual data points
DOT PLOTS - smaller data sets
BOX PLOTS - center, spread and 5 number summary
SCATTER PLOTS - x,y axis
5 Number Summary - Answer✅✅Min - Q1 - Median - Q3 - Max