KAAP 180 Final Exam 2025/2026. Questions And
Verified Answers
Taper - ANSWER-Tapering is a straining practice that is intended to allow full recovery prior to an
important event, Training volume but not intensity is reduced about 2 weeks prior to an event
Tendon - ANSWER-Soft tissue that connects muscle to bone.
Tendonitis - ANSWER-Overuse injury, inflammation of the tendon
Three Types of Muscle Contractions - ANSWER-isometric, concentric, eccentric
Trabeculae / Trabecular - ANSWER-Trabeculae is a lattice meshwork on bony rods, Something is
trabecular if it has trabeculae (ex. spongy bone)
Trailmaking A & B Test - ANSWER-It consists of two parts in which the subject is instructed to connect a
set of 25 dots as quickly as possible while still maintaining accuracy. The test can provide information
about visual search speed, scanning, speed of processing, mental flexibility, as well as executive
functioning.
Transduction / Mechanotransduction - ANSWER-Transduction: Any process by which a cell converts one
kind of signal or stimulus to another (ex. muscle spindle: changes in muscle length become patterns in
action potential)
Mechanotransduction: For remodeling to occur, the osteocyte needs to sense mechanical strain and
communicate this information to the osteoblast
Transfer - ANSWER-The transfer of skill from one practice setting to another, used to measure motor
learning
Translational Research (clinical) - ANSWER-Translational research applies findings from basic science to
enhance human health and well-being. In a medical research context, it aims to "translate" findings in
basic research into medical and nursing practice and meaningful health outcomes. Translational
research implements a "bench-to-bedside", from laboratory experiments through clinical trials to point-
of-care patient applications, model, harnessing knowledge from basic sciences to produce new drugs,
KAAP 180 Final Exam 2025/2026. Questions And
Verified Answers
,KAAP 180 Final Exam 2025/2026. Questions And
Verified Answers
devices, and treatment options for patients. The end point of translational research is the production of
a promising new treatment that can be used with practical applications, that can then be used clinically
or are able to be commercialized.
Transverse Plane - ANSWER-Imaginary plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Triphasic Burst Pattern - ANSWER-A sequence of muscle activations—agonist, then antagonist, and
finally agonist again—observed in rapid, unidirectional movements toward a target. Faster throwers
have a delay in the antagonist burst.
Troponin / Tropomyosin - ANSWER-When muscle is at rest, it blocks the myosin binding sites on actin.
Cross bridges cannot be formed and no force is generated. When calcium is available, its complex
changes shape and it moves away from the myosin binding sites to allow the formation of cross bridges.
Uniarticular vs. Biarticular Muscle - ANSWER-Uniarticular muscle crosses 1 joint (ex. quad muscles
crosses knee joint)
Biarticular muscle crosses 2 joints (ex. quad group crosses knee joint and hip joint)
Upper and Lower Extremity - ANSWER-Upper Extremity: Shoulders, arms, hands
Lower Extremity: Hips, legs, feet
Variability of Practice - ANSWER-A component of contextual interference. Adding variability to a practice
session has been shown to impede performance during the practice but enhance the learning of the skill
at a later retention test.
vertical ground reaction forces (vGRF) in running and walking - ANSWER-Recognize the two different
shapes on a graph and the impact features. This is the vertical component of the force of the earth on
the body during the stance phase. Through Newton's law of reaction the force of the body on the earth
is equal and opposite to the reaction force on the body - the ground reaction force.
Vertical Integration - ANSWER-From molecule to cell to organ
KAAP 180 Final Exam 2025/2026. Questions And
Verified Answers
, KAAP 180 Final Exam 2025/2026. Questions And
Verified Answers
Vestibular Apparatus (Sensory Receptor) - ANSWER-Canals in inner ear that are filled with fluid respond
to accelerations of the head
Viscosity - ANSWER-A fluid's resistance to flow
What and how much information do experts need/use compared to novices - ANSWER-Expert players
process better and faster. Experts rely on visual information to complete a task.
White Blood Cell - ANSWER-Part of the body's immune system, made by bone marrow
Why beetroot juice? - ANSWER-Researchers are studying whether beetroot juice and improve
cardiovascular health and performance.
Why pickle juice? - ANSWER-Researchers are trying to determine whether pickle juice can alleviate
muscle cramps.
Wolff's Law - ANSWER-Law about adaptation of bone under stimuli of greater or lesser load. See notes.
In what way is it similar to Hebb's Rule (Nervous system)
Work - ANSWER-work= force x displacement. The same amount of work can be done in different
amounts of time.
Z-Line / Z-Disk - ANSWER-Actin and myosin (sarcomeres) perpendicular to Z-lines in between them, Z-
lines move closer together during muscle contraction
Z-Line Streaming - ANSWER-One of the signs of muscle damage. Visible in the electron micrograph.
KAAP 180 Final Exam 2025/2026. Questions And
Verified Answers
Verified Answers
Taper - ANSWER-Tapering is a straining practice that is intended to allow full recovery prior to an
important event, Training volume but not intensity is reduced about 2 weeks prior to an event
Tendon - ANSWER-Soft tissue that connects muscle to bone.
Tendonitis - ANSWER-Overuse injury, inflammation of the tendon
Three Types of Muscle Contractions - ANSWER-isometric, concentric, eccentric
Trabeculae / Trabecular - ANSWER-Trabeculae is a lattice meshwork on bony rods, Something is
trabecular if it has trabeculae (ex. spongy bone)
Trailmaking A & B Test - ANSWER-It consists of two parts in which the subject is instructed to connect a
set of 25 dots as quickly as possible while still maintaining accuracy. The test can provide information
about visual search speed, scanning, speed of processing, mental flexibility, as well as executive
functioning.
Transduction / Mechanotransduction - ANSWER-Transduction: Any process by which a cell converts one
kind of signal or stimulus to another (ex. muscle spindle: changes in muscle length become patterns in
action potential)
Mechanotransduction: For remodeling to occur, the osteocyte needs to sense mechanical strain and
communicate this information to the osteoblast
Transfer - ANSWER-The transfer of skill from one practice setting to another, used to measure motor
learning
Translational Research (clinical) - ANSWER-Translational research applies findings from basic science to
enhance human health and well-being. In a medical research context, it aims to "translate" findings in
basic research into medical and nursing practice and meaningful health outcomes. Translational
research implements a "bench-to-bedside", from laboratory experiments through clinical trials to point-
of-care patient applications, model, harnessing knowledge from basic sciences to produce new drugs,
KAAP 180 Final Exam 2025/2026. Questions And
Verified Answers
,KAAP 180 Final Exam 2025/2026. Questions And
Verified Answers
devices, and treatment options for patients. The end point of translational research is the production of
a promising new treatment that can be used with practical applications, that can then be used clinically
or are able to be commercialized.
Transverse Plane - ANSWER-Imaginary plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Triphasic Burst Pattern - ANSWER-A sequence of muscle activations—agonist, then antagonist, and
finally agonist again—observed in rapid, unidirectional movements toward a target. Faster throwers
have a delay in the antagonist burst.
Troponin / Tropomyosin - ANSWER-When muscle is at rest, it blocks the myosin binding sites on actin.
Cross bridges cannot be formed and no force is generated. When calcium is available, its complex
changes shape and it moves away from the myosin binding sites to allow the formation of cross bridges.
Uniarticular vs. Biarticular Muscle - ANSWER-Uniarticular muscle crosses 1 joint (ex. quad muscles
crosses knee joint)
Biarticular muscle crosses 2 joints (ex. quad group crosses knee joint and hip joint)
Upper and Lower Extremity - ANSWER-Upper Extremity: Shoulders, arms, hands
Lower Extremity: Hips, legs, feet
Variability of Practice - ANSWER-A component of contextual interference. Adding variability to a practice
session has been shown to impede performance during the practice but enhance the learning of the skill
at a later retention test.
vertical ground reaction forces (vGRF) in running and walking - ANSWER-Recognize the two different
shapes on a graph and the impact features. This is the vertical component of the force of the earth on
the body during the stance phase. Through Newton's law of reaction the force of the body on the earth
is equal and opposite to the reaction force on the body - the ground reaction force.
Vertical Integration - ANSWER-From molecule to cell to organ
KAAP 180 Final Exam 2025/2026. Questions And
Verified Answers
, KAAP 180 Final Exam 2025/2026. Questions And
Verified Answers
Vestibular Apparatus (Sensory Receptor) - ANSWER-Canals in inner ear that are filled with fluid respond
to accelerations of the head
Viscosity - ANSWER-A fluid's resistance to flow
What and how much information do experts need/use compared to novices - ANSWER-Expert players
process better and faster. Experts rely on visual information to complete a task.
White Blood Cell - ANSWER-Part of the body's immune system, made by bone marrow
Why beetroot juice? - ANSWER-Researchers are studying whether beetroot juice and improve
cardiovascular health and performance.
Why pickle juice? - ANSWER-Researchers are trying to determine whether pickle juice can alleviate
muscle cramps.
Wolff's Law - ANSWER-Law about adaptation of bone under stimuli of greater or lesser load. See notes.
In what way is it similar to Hebb's Rule (Nervous system)
Work - ANSWER-work= force x displacement. The same amount of work can be done in different
amounts of time.
Z-Line / Z-Disk - ANSWER-Actin and myosin (sarcomeres) perpendicular to Z-lines in between them, Z-
lines move closer together during muscle contraction
Z-Line Streaming - ANSWER-One of the signs of muscle damage. Visible in the electron micrograph.
KAAP 180 Final Exam 2025/2026. Questions And
Verified Answers
