MENTAL HEALTH EXAM 2: Mood disorders / Questions and Verified Answers [] 100% Pass

Mood: - ANS = Also called *affect.* Mood is a pervasive and sustained emotion that may have a major influence on a person's perception of the world. Examples of mood include *depression, joy, elation, anger, and anxiety.* Affect is described as the *emotional reaction associated with an experience.* Depression - ANS = An alteration in mood that is expressed by feelings of sadness, despair, and pessimism. There is a loss of interest in usual activities, and somatic symptoms may be evident. *COMMON= CHANGES IN SLEEP PATTERN* Levels of depression: - ANS = 1. COMMON FEELING 2. BEREAVEMENT AND GRIEF 3. DYSTHYMIA 4. MAJOR DEPRESSION 5. SECONDARY TO A MEDICAL CONDITION 6. ACCOMPANING OTHER PSYCH ILLNESS SSRI's: Effective For Sadness, Panic, & Compulsions - ANS = Effective- *Escitalopram* For- *Fluoxetine* *Fluvoxamine* Sadness- *setroline* Panic- *Paroxetine* Compulsions- *Citalopram* Depression screen tool: Diagnosis criteria - ANS = *Five (or more)* of the following symptoms have been present *during the same 2-week period* and represent a change from previous functioning; at least *one of the symptoms *is either *(1) depressed mood, or (2) loss of interest or pleasure* 1. Little interest or pleasure in doing things 2. Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless 3. Trouble falling or staying asleep, or sleeping too much 4. Feeling tired or having little energy 5. Poor appetite or overeating 6. Feeling bad about yourself—or that you are a failure or have let yourself or your family down 7. Trouble concentrating on things such as reading the newspaper or watching television 8. Moving or speaking so slowly that other people could have noticed? Or the opposite—being so fidgety or restless that you have been moving around a lot more than usual 9. Thoughts that you would be better off dead or of hurting yourself in some way Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) - ANS = -Characterized by depressed mood -Loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities *-Symptoms have been present for at least 2 weeks* -No history of manic behavior -Cannot be attributed to use of substances or another medical condition Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) - ANS = -Sad or "down in the dumps" -No evidence of psychotic symptoms -*Essential feature is a chronically depressed mood for:* 1. Most of the day 2. More days than not 3. For at least 2 years Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Essential features: - ANS = 1. Depressed mood 2. Anxiety 3. Mood swings 4. Decreased interest in activities 5. *Symptoms begin during week prior to menses, start to improve within a few days after the onset of menses, and become minimal or absent in the week postmenses* Substance-Induced Depressive Disorder - ANS = -The depression is considered to be the direct result of physiological effects of a substance. Depressive Disorder Associated with Another Medical Condition - ANS = The depression is attributable to the direct physiological effects of a general medical condition. Predisposing Factors to Depression: Biological Theories - ANS = 1. *Genetics* -Hereditary factor may be involved. 2. *Biochemical influences* Deficiency of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine has been implicated. Excessive cholinergic transmission may also be a factor. Predisposing Factors to Depression: Neuroendocrine Disturbances - ANS = 1. Possible failure within the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis 2. Possible diminished release of thyroid-stimulating hormone Predisposing Factors to Depression: Physiological Influences *6* - ANS = Physiological Influences Medication side effects Neurological disorders Electrolyte disturbances Hormonal disorders Nutritional deficiencies Other physiological conditions Predisposing Factors to Depression: Psychosocial Theories - ANS = 1. Psychoanalytical theory -A loss is internalized and becomes directed against the ego. 2. Learning theory -*Learned helplessness:* The individual who experiences numerous failures learns to give up trying. 3. Object loss -Experiences loss of significant other during first 6 months of life -Feelings of helplessness and despair -Early loss or trauma may predispose client to lifelong periods of depression. 4. Cognitive theory -Views primary disturbance in depression as cognitive rather than affective *Three cognitive distortions that serve as the basis for depression:*