HEALTH SCIENCE 2700 – MIDTERM || QUESTIONS
WITH 100% CORRECT SOLUTIONS; ALREADY
GRADED A+!!
What are the 3 general domains and dimensions to development? correct answers Physical, cognitive,
social and emotional
What is plasticity? correct answers Ability to change, making our characteristics malleable
What is prenatal development? correct answers Conception through birth
What is are the 3 parts of self according to Freud? correct answers There are 3 parts of the self:
ID: innate, inborn, pleasure, biological
Ego: MEDIATES, develops through interaction, logic
Superego: morals, guilt, conscience, society's demands
What are the stages of Freud's psychosexual theory? correct answers Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency,
Genital
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Freud's theory? correct answers Advantage: value and
use in his assumptions, provide frameworks
Disadvantage: difficult to test, sexist, darker side of human nature, not necessarily true (ie. resilience)
What is Freud's psychosexual theory? correct answers Parents/caregivers leave a lasting impact on
emotional states
Who was the father of developmental psychology? correct answers Erikson
What was Erikson's psychosocial theory? correct answers Relationships and society's expectations
motivate our behaviour. His belief is that we are not driven by unconscious urges
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Erikson's theory? correct answers Advantages: address
entire lifespan, suggest primary psychosocial crisis in some cultures
,Disadvantages: heavy focus on stages, linear aspect, not inclusive of all cultures
What are the stages of Erikson's theory? correct answers 0-1: Mistrust vs trust
1-2: Autonomy vs shame and doubt
3-5: Initiative vs Guilt
6-11: Industry v s Inferiority
Adolescence: Identity vs role confusion
Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs isolation
Middle Adulthood: Generativity vs stagnation
Late Adulthood: Integrity vs Despair
What is behaviorism? correct answers Observable behaviour as the proper subject matter
Who was Ivan Pavlov? correct answers Believed behaviour could be learned thorough classical
conditioning (with a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response)
Who was John B. Watson? correct answers He believed that most of our fears and other emotional
responses are classically conditioned and that our only inborn fear is loud noises
Who was B. F. Skinner? correct answers Found the principles of operant conditioning, focusing on
strengthening desirable behaviour
T/F: Reinforcement is more effective/encouraging than criticism or punishment. correct answers True
What is reinforcement? correct answers Anything one desires and is motivated to obtain
What is a reinforcer? correct answers Something that encourages/promotes a behaviour
What is a positive reinforcement? correct answers Adding something to encourage a behaviour
What is a negative reinforcement? correct answers Taking something unpleasant away to encourage a
behaviour
, What is punishment? correct answers An effort to stop behaviour, something unpleasant/painful after
action
Why is punishment not as effective than reinforcement? correct answers Does not show desired
behaviour, can result in suppressing not stopping
Who was the leading contributor to the social learning theory? correct answers Albert Bandura
What is the social learning theory? correct answers Learn by watching others - imitation, modelling,
and copying
What is vicarious reinforcement? correct answers Watching operant conditioning and believing that it
will pay for for us as well
T/F: There is no interplay between the environment and individuals correct answers False, we are not
just a product of surroundings rather we influence our surroundings
What is Piaget's theory of cognitive development? correct answers Piaget recognizes and mapped out
in which children's thoughts differs from that of adults. They have a need for cognitive equilibrium, a
desire to understand the world, balancing what we sense and what we know.
What are schemas? correct answers Categories of knowledge
What is assimilation? correct answers Making sense of new experiences using similarities of what we
already know, applying schemas
What is accommodation? correct answers Changing our mind, adding new schemas
What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development? correct answers 1. sensorimoter: rely on the use of
senses and motor skills
2. preoperational: language, and symbols
3. concrete operational: conservation, size, distance, constancy of matter, cause and effect
4. formal operational: think logically, abstract thinking
What is a disadvantage of Piaget's theory? correct answers It overemphasizes the role of physical
maturation, underestimating role of culture, interactions, variance and capability
WITH 100% CORRECT SOLUTIONS; ALREADY
GRADED A+!!
What are the 3 general domains and dimensions to development? correct answers Physical, cognitive,
social and emotional
What is plasticity? correct answers Ability to change, making our characteristics malleable
What is prenatal development? correct answers Conception through birth
What is are the 3 parts of self according to Freud? correct answers There are 3 parts of the self:
ID: innate, inborn, pleasure, biological
Ego: MEDIATES, develops through interaction, logic
Superego: morals, guilt, conscience, society's demands
What are the stages of Freud's psychosexual theory? correct answers Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency,
Genital
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Freud's theory? correct answers Advantage: value and
use in his assumptions, provide frameworks
Disadvantage: difficult to test, sexist, darker side of human nature, not necessarily true (ie. resilience)
What is Freud's psychosexual theory? correct answers Parents/caregivers leave a lasting impact on
emotional states
Who was the father of developmental psychology? correct answers Erikson
What was Erikson's psychosocial theory? correct answers Relationships and society's expectations
motivate our behaviour. His belief is that we are not driven by unconscious urges
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Erikson's theory? correct answers Advantages: address
entire lifespan, suggest primary psychosocial crisis in some cultures
,Disadvantages: heavy focus on stages, linear aspect, not inclusive of all cultures
What are the stages of Erikson's theory? correct answers 0-1: Mistrust vs trust
1-2: Autonomy vs shame and doubt
3-5: Initiative vs Guilt
6-11: Industry v s Inferiority
Adolescence: Identity vs role confusion
Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs isolation
Middle Adulthood: Generativity vs stagnation
Late Adulthood: Integrity vs Despair
What is behaviorism? correct answers Observable behaviour as the proper subject matter
Who was Ivan Pavlov? correct answers Believed behaviour could be learned thorough classical
conditioning (with a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response)
Who was John B. Watson? correct answers He believed that most of our fears and other emotional
responses are classically conditioned and that our only inborn fear is loud noises
Who was B. F. Skinner? correct answers Found the principles of operant conditioning, focusing on
strengthening desirable behaviour
T/F: Reinforcement is more effective/encouraging than criticism or punishment. correct answers True
What is reinforcement? correct answers Anything one desires and is motivated to obtain
What is a reinforcer? correct answers Something that encourages/promotes a behaviour
What is a positive reinforcement? correct answers Adding something to encourage a behaviour
What is a negative reinforcement? correct answers Taking something unpleasant away to encourage a
behaviour
, What is punishment? correct answers An effort to stop behaviour, something unpleasant/painful after
action
Why is punishment not as effective than reinforcement? correct answers Does not show desired
behaviour, can result in suppressing not stopping
Who was the leading contributor to the social learning theory? correct answers Albert Bandura
What is the social learning theory? correct answers Learn by watching others - imitation, modelling,
and copying
What is vicarious reinforcement? correct answers Watching operant conditioning and believing that it
will pay for for us as well
T/F: There is no interplay between the environment and individuals correct answers False, we are not
just a product of surroundings rather we influence our surroundings
What is Piaget's theory of cognitive development? correct answers Piaget recognizes and mapped out
in which children's thoughts differs from that of adults. They have a need for cognitive equilibrium, a
desire to understand the world, balancing what we sense and what we know.
What are schemas? correct answers Categories of knowledge
What is assimilation? correct answers Making sense of new experiences using similarities of what we
already know, applying schemas
What is accommodation? correct answers Changing our mind, adding new schemas
What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development? correct answers 1. sensorimoter: rely on the use of
senses and motor skills
2. preoperational: language, and symbols
3. concrete operational: conservation, size, distance, constancy of matter, cause and effect
4. formal operational: think logically, abstract thinking
What is a disadvantage of Piaget's theory? correct answers It overemphasizes the role of physical
maturation, underestimating role of culture, interactions, variance and capability
