BIO 235 Midterm 1 2025 – Questions and Answers
With Expert Rationales | Professor Verified |
SCORED 99.8%
,CHAPTER 1
Anatomy – the science of body structures and the relationship among them
Physiology – The science of body functions – how body parts work
Dissection – careful cutting apart of body structures to study their
relationships
Levels of Structural Organization:
Chemical (letters of alphabet)
– most basic level that includes atoms and molecules atoms →
smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions
molecules → two+ atoms joined together
Cellular – (words)
– molecules combine to form cells (basic structural and
functional units of an organism that are composed of
chemicals) - smallest living unit in the human body
Tissue – (words put together to make sentences)
- groups of cells and the materials surrounding them
- work together to perform a function
- four basic types: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
Organ – (sentences make paragraphs)
- two or more different types of tissues are joined together to form organs
- stomach, skin, lungs, bones. Heart, brain
System – (chapter in our language)
- consists of related organs with a common function
- ex. Digestive system (mouth, salivary glands, pharynx,etc.)
- pancreas is part of both digestive and endocrine system
Organism (book)
- any living individual
- all body parts functioning together
,Systems of the Human Body
11 essential systems of the human body
Integumentary System
- COMPONENTS → skin and associated structures (hair, fingernails, toenails,
sweat glands, oil glands)
- FUNCTIONS → protects body, regulates body temp, eliminates some waste,
makes vit D, detects sensations (warmth, pain)
Skeletal System
- COMPONENTS → bones and joints of the body and associated cartilages
- FIUNCTIONS → supports and protects body, provides surface area for
muscle attachments, aids body movements, houses cells that produce blood
cells, stores minerals and lipids
Muscular System
- COMPONENTS → skeletal muscle tissue (muscle attached to bone)
- FUNCTIONS → participates in body movements, maintains posture,
produces heat
Nervous System
- COMPONENTS → brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes and ears
- FUNCTIONS → generates action potentialsto regulate body activities,
detects changes in bodys internal and external environment, interprets
changes and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular
secretions
Endocrine System
- COMPONENTS → hormone producing glands (pineal gland,
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands,
adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes)
- FUNCTIONS → regulates body activities by releasing hormones
(chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrinegland to target
organ)
, Cardiovascular System
- COMPONENTS → blood, heart and blood vessels
- FUNCTIONS → heart pumps blood through blood vessels, blood carries
oxygen and nutrients to cells and CO2 and waste away from cells, regulates
acid-base balance, temp and water content of body fluids, blood helps
defend against disease and repairs damaged blood vessels
Lymphatic System and immunity
- COMPONENTS → lymphatic fluid and vessels (spleen, thymus, lymph
nodes, tonsils, cells that carry out immune responses)
- FUNCTIONS → returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids from
gastrointestinal tract to blood, site for B and T cell maturation (protect
against disease causing microbes)
Respiratoy System
- COMPONENTS → lungs, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea
(windpipe), bronchial tubes
- FUNCTIONS → transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and CO2 vice
versa, regulates acid-base balance of body fluids, produces sound through
vocal cords
Digestive System
- COMPONENTS → organs of gastrointestinal tract (mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, anus) and accessory organs that
assist in digestion (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
- FUNCTIONS → physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients,
eliminates solid wastes
Urinary system
- COMPONENTS → kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
- FUNCTIONS → produces, stores, and eliminates urine, eliminates wastes
and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood, maintains acid-
base balance of body fluids, maintains body mineral balance, regulates
production of red blood cells
With Expert Rationales | Professor Verified |
SCORED 99.8%
,CHAPTER 1
Anatomy – the science of body structures and the relationship among them
Physiology – The science of body functions – how body parts work
Dissection – careful cutting apart of body structures to study their
relationships
Levels of Structural Organization:
Chemical (letters of alphabet)
– most basic level that includes atoms and molecules atoms →
smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions
molecules → two+ atoms joined together
Cellular – (words)
– molecules combine to form cells (basic structural and
functional units of an organism that are composed of
chemicals) - smallest living unit in the human body
Tissue – (words put together to make sentences)
- groups of cells and the materials surrounding them
- work together to perform a function
- four basic types: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
Organ – (sentences make paragraphs)
- two or more different types of tissues are joined together to form organs
- stomach, skin, lungs, bones. Heart, brain
System – (chapter in our language)
- consists of related organs with a common function
- ex. Digestive system (mouth, salivary glands, pharynx,etc.)
- pancreas is part of both digestive and endocrine system
Organism (book)
- any living individual
- all body parts functioning together
,Systems of the Human Body
11 essential systems of the human body
Integumentary System
- COMPONENTS → skin and associated structures (hair, fingernails, toenails,
sweat glands, oil glands)
- FUNCTIONS → protects body, regulates body temp, eliminates some waste,
makes vit D, detects sensations (warmth, pain)
Skeletal System
- COMPONENTS → bones and joints of the body and associated cartilages
- FIUNCTIONS → supports and protects body, provides surface area for
muscle attachments, aids body movements, houses cells that produce blood
cells, stores minerals and lipids
Muscular System
- COMPONENTS → skeletal muscle tissue (muscle attached to bone)
- FUNCTIONS → participates in body movements, maintains posture,
produces heat
Nervous System
- COMPONENTS → brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes and ears
- FUNCTIONS → generates action potentialsto regulate body activities,
detects changes in bodys internal and external environment, interprets
changes and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular
secretions
Endocrine System
- COMPONENTS → hormone producing glands (pineal gland,
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands,
adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes)
- FUNCTIONS → regulates body activities by releasing hormones
(chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrinegland to target
organ)
, Cardiovascular System
- COMPONENTS → blood, heart and blood vessels
- FUNCTIONS → heart pumps blood through blood vessels, blood carries
oxygen and nutrients to cells and CO2 and waste away from cells, regulates
acid-base balance, temp and water content of body fluids, blood helps
defend against disease and repairs damaged blood vessels
Lymphatic System and immunity
- COMPONENTS → lymphatic fluid and vessels (spleen, thymus, lymph
nodes, tonsils, cells that carry out immune responses)
- FUNCTIONS → returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids from
gastrointestinal tract to blood, site for B and T cell maturation (protect
against disease causing microbes)
Respiratoy System
- COMPONENTS → lungs, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea
(windpipe), bronchial tubes
- FUNCTIONS → transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and CO2 vice
versa, regulates acid-base balance of body fluids, produces sound through
vocal cords
Digestive System
- COMPONENTS → organs of gastrointestinal tract (mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, anus) and accessory organs that
assist in digestion (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
- FUNCTIONS → physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients,
eliminates solid wastes
Urinary system
- COMPONENTS → kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
- FUNCTIONS → produces, stores, and eliminates urine, eliminates wastes
and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood, maintains acid-
base balance of body fluids, maintains body mineral balance, regulates
production of red blood cells
