LPN FUNDAMENTALS TEST BANK
2025/2026 WITH OVER 150 QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS RATED A+
Factors Affecting Water Needs - ANSWER-Temperature-need more water in hot
tempertures
Activity level-more we do more water we need
Functional losses—vomiting, diarrhea
Metabolic needs-cellular respiration
Water Gains - ANSWER-Food
Liquids
By product of metabolism-body makes cellular respiration
Water Losses Insensible (can not measure) - ANSWER-Lungs
Sweat
Stool (measurable if diarrhea)
Water Losses Sensible - ANSWER-Urine
Measurable unless pt. incontinent, in diaper, pads, etc.
,Fluid Compartments Intracellular (Water inside the cell) tissue - ANSWER-In
adults—most of water is intracellular (66%)
Fluid within the cells (ICF)
Infants- less than 1/2 of water in the body is intracellular
Fluid Compartments Extracellular (outside of the cell) - ANSWER-Interstitial—
between cells (GI, CSF, Lymph)- tissue fluid, edema. Ex: Heart failure- interstitial
(edema)
Intravascular—fluid in plasma in vessels- Plasma- water portion of the blood
Renin Angiotensin-Aldosterone Steps - ANSWER-renin-angiotensin 1-angiotesin 2
causes vasoconstriction
increases BP releases aldosterone keeps Na+ water follows Na+ excretes K+ in
feces
Regulation - ANSWER-Thirst mechanism—controlled by hypothalamus
Kidneys—filters out excess water
Hormonal
ADH—posterior pituitary gland; secreted when water levels low, blood pressure
drops, or sodium increased; stimulates kidneys to conserve water
Renin—enzyme secreted by kidneys; triggers the release of aldosterone
Aldosterone -target organ is kidneys;
Keeps sodium and excretes potassium (Conserves water)
Normal Output 1-2 liters a day
,Measuring I & O - ANSWER-Explain- pt. family the need to keep a record of all
food and fluids entering and leaving the pts. body
Instruct- pt. and family on how to keep records of input and output
All intake- Parenteral, eat, drink, IV
All output- Urine, NG, emesis, diarrhea, suctioning, etc..
All parenteral
End of shift measurement
1 oz. = 30 mL
Document in chart
Fluid Volume Deficit - ANSWER-Too little fluid in the body
Labs will increase- more concentrated (same amount of NA+, K+ bicarb just more
concentrated due to less water)
Skin turgor- tented ( extended time to return to normal)
Fluid Volume Deficit Causes - ANSWER-diarrhea, vomiting, sweating, high fever,
diuretics GI suctioning, inadequate fluid intake, ascites, massive edema
Fluid Volume Deficit Signs/Symptoms - ANSWER-decreased urination and skin
turgor, sudden weight loss (@ least 5 lbs/day), dry mucous membranes, thirst,
depressed fontanelles in infants; hypotension with tachycardia, Labs will increase-
, more concentrated (same amount Na+, K+ bicarbonates, etc. just more
concentrated due to less water)
Infants and elderly at greater risk
skin turgor- tented-extended return to normal (elderly chest/forehead)
Interventions for fluid volume deficit - ANSWER-Find and correct cause
Diarrhea—antidiarrheals
Vomiting—antiemetics
Force fluids if not contraindicated
IV fluids if oral fluids are contraindicated
Weigh daily- too much or too little fluid, check early AM, (Looking for fluid shift)
I & O at least every shift
Monitor skin turgor, oral mucous membranes, and characteristics of urine—
(hydrated-lighter, dehydrated darker)
fontanelles in infants under 18 months (with dehydration, would expect to be
sunken)
When replacing fluids, be sure to monitor for fluid volume excess (also known as
fluid overload)
Fluid Volume Excess Causes - ANSWER-excess fluid intake (usually associated with
psych disorders, but can occur when replacing fluids with plain water) changes
our electrolytes, causes fluid shifts; excessive sodium intake
2025/2026 WITH OVER 150 QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS RATED A+
Factors Affecting Water Needs - ANSWER-Temperature-need more water in hot
tempertures
Activity level-more we do more water we need
Functional losses—vomiting, diarrhea
Metabolic needs-cellular respiration
Water Gains - ANSWER-Food
Liquids
By product of metabolism-body makes cellular respiration
Water Losses Insensible (can not measure) - ANSWER-Lungs
Sweat
Stool (measurable if diarrhea)
Water Losses Sensible - ANSWER-Urine
Measurable unless pt. incontinent, in diaper, pads, etc.
,Fluid Compartments Intracellular (Water inside the cell) tissue - ANSWER-In
adults—most of water is intracellular (66%)
Fluid within the cells (ICF)
Infants- less than 1/2 of water in the body is intracellular
Fluid Compartments Extracellular (outside of the cell) - ANSWER-Interstitial—
between cells (GI, CSF, Lymph)- tissue fluid, edema. Ex: Heart failure- interstitial
(edema)
Intravascular—fluid in plasma in vessels- Plasma- water portion of the blood
Renin Angiotensin-Aldosterone Steps - ANSWER-renin-angiotensin 1-angiotesin 2
causes vasoconstriction
increases BP releases aldosterone keeps Na+ water follows Na+ excretes K+ in
feces
Regulation - ANSWER-Thirst mechanism—controlled by hypothalamus
Kidneys—filters out excess water
Hormonal
ADH—posterior pituitary gland; secreted when water levels low, blood pressure
drops, or sodium increased; stimulates kidneys to conserve water
Renin—enzyme secreted by kidneys; triggers the release of aldosterone
Aldosterone -target organ is kidneys;
Keeps sodium and excretes potassium (Conserves water)
Normal Output 1-2 liters a day
,Measuring I & O - ANSWER-Explain- pt. family the need to keep a record of all
food and fluids entering and leaving the pts. body
Instruct- pt. and family on how to keep records of input and output
All intake- Parenteral, eat, drink, IV
All output- Urine, NG, emesis, diarrhea, suctioning, etc..
All parenteral
End of shift measurement
1 oz. = 30 mL
Document in chart
Fluid Volume Deficit - ANSWER-Too little fluid in the body
Labs will increase- more concentrated (same amount of NA+, K+ bicarb just more
concentrated due to less water)
Skin turgor- tented ( extended time to return to normal)
Fluid Volume Deficit Causes - ANSWER-diarrhea, vomiting, sweating, high fever,
diuretics GI suctioning, inadequate fluid intake, ascites, massive edema
Fluid Volume Deficit Signs/Symptoms - ANSWER-decreased urination and skin
turgor, sudden weight loss (@ least 5 lbs/day), dry mucous membranes, thirst,
depressed fontanelles in infants; hypotension with tachycardia, Labs will increase-
, more concentrated (same amount Na+, K+ bicarbonates, etc. just more
concentrated due to less water)
Infants and elderly at greater risk
skin turgor- tented-extended return to normal (elderly chest/forehead)
Interventions for fluid volume deficit - ANSWER-Find and correct cause
Diarrhea—antidiarrheals
Vomiting—antiemetics
Force fluids if not contraindicated
IV fluids if oral fluids are contraindicated
Weigh daily- too much or too little fluid, check early AM, (Looking for fluid shift)
I & O at least every shift
Monitor skin turgor, oral mucous membranes, and characteristics of urine—
(hydrated-lighter, dehydrated darker)
fontanelles in infants under 18 months (with dehydration, would expect to be
sunken)
When replacing fluids, be sure to monitor for fluid volume excess (also known as
fluid overload)
Fluid Volume Excess Causes - ANSWER-excess fluid intake (usually associated with
psych disorders, but can occur when replacing fluids with plain water) changes
our electrolytes, causes fluid shifts; excessive sodium intake
