Table of contents
General ........................................................................................................................................................... 5
SPSS file .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
How is it measured? ....................................................................................................................................... 5
Abbreviations and definitions ......................................................................................................................... 7
Steps of data analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 9
Hypotheses ..................................................................................................................................................... 9
Measurement levels ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Reliability analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Modify your data .......................................................................................................................................... 10
Recoding ............................................................................................................................................................ 10
Missing data ...................................................................................................................................................... 10
Computing variables ......................................................................................................................................... 11
Reducing bias .................................................................................................................................................... 11
Other ................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Descriptive statistics ..................................................................................................................................... 11
Frequencies ....................................................................................................................................................... 11
Descriptives ....................................................................................................................................................... 12
Crosstabs ........................................................................................................................................................... 12
Test assumptions .......................................................................................................................................... 12
Assumption 1: Normality ................................................................................................................................... 12
Assumption 2: Homogeneity of variance .......................................................................................................... 13
Tests ............................................................................................................................................................. 13
Independent samples t-test ............................................................................................................................... 13
Paired samples t-test (Dependent samples t-test) ............................................................................................ 13
One-sample t-test.............................................................................................................................................. 14
One-way ANOVA ............................................................................................................................................... 14
Factorial ANOVA ............................................................................................................................................... 14
Chi-square test of association (x2 test) .............................................................................................................. 14
Correlation coefficient ....................................................................................................................................... 14
Simple linear regression .................................................................................................................................... 14
Reporting...................................................................................................................................................... 15
,Visualisation ................................................................................................................................................. 15
Histogram and PP/QQ plots .............................................................................................................................. 16
Boxplots ............................................................................................................................................................. 16
Bar charts .......................................................................................................................................................... 16
Scatterplot ......................................................................................................................................................... 17
Line chart........................................................................................................................................................... 17
How to calculate an independent-samples t-test .......................................................................................... 19
Phase 1 - Prepare .............................................................................................................................................. 19
Phase 2 – Calculate ........................................................................................................................................... 19
Phase 3 – Conclude............................................................................................................................................ 19
Phase 4 – Report ............................................................................................................................................... 20
How to calculate a dependent-samples t-test (paired samples test) .............................................................. 21
Phase 1 - Prepare .............................................................................................................................................. 21
Phase 2 – Calculate ........................................................................................................................................... 21
Phase 3 – Conclude............................................................................................................................................ 21
Phase 4 – Report ............................................................................................................................................... 22
How to calculate a one sample t-test ............................................................................................................ 23
Phase 1 - Prepare .............................................................................................................................................. 23
Phase 2 – Calculate ........................................................................................................................................... 23
Phase 3 – Conclude............................................................................................................................................ 23
Phase 4 – Report ............................................................................................................................................... 23
How to calculate a one-way ANOVA ............................................................................................................. 25
Phase 1 - Prepare .............................................................................................................................................. 25
Phase 2 – Calculate ........................................................................................................................................... 25
Phase 3 – Report ............................................................................................................................................... 26
How to calculate a factorial ANOVA .............................................................................................................. 29
Phase 1 – Prepare.............................................................................................................................................. 29
Phase 2 – Calculate ........................................................................................................................................... 29
Phase 3 – Report ............................................................................................................................................... 30
How to calculate a chi-square test of association (x2) .................................................................................... 33
Phase 1 – Prepare.............................................................................................................................................. 33
Phase 2 – Calculate manually............................................................................................................................ 33
Phase 2 – Calculate by SPSS .............................................................................................................................. 33
Phase 3 – Report ............................................................................................................................................... 34
How to calculate a correlation analysis ......................................................................................................... 35
Phase 1: Prepare ............................................................................................................................................... 35
, Phase 2: Calculate correlation coefficients........................................................................................................ 35
Phase 2: Calculate partial correlation ............................................................................................................... 36
Phase 3: Report ................................................................................................................................................. 36
How to calculate a simple linear regression (regression analysis) .................................................................. 39
Phase 1: Prepare ............................................................................................................................................... 39
Phase 2: Calculate by hand ............................................................................................................................... 39
Phase 2: Calculate by SPSS ................................................................................................................................ 40
Phase 3: Report ................................................................................................................................................. 41
,
General ........................................................................................................................................................... 5
SPSS file .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
How is it measured? ....................................................................................................................................... 5
Abbreviations and definitions ......................................................................................................................... 7
Steps of data analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 9
Hypotheses ..................................................................................................................................................... 9
Measurement levels ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Reliability analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Modify your data .......................................................................................................................................... 10
Recoding ............................................................................................................................................................ 10
Missing data ...................................................................................................................................................... 10
Computing variables ......................................................................................................................................... 11
Reducing bias .................................................................................................................................................... 11
Other ................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Descriptive statistics ..................................................................................................................................... 11
Frequencies ....................................................................................................................................................... 11
Descriptives ....................................................................................................................................................... 12
Crosstabs ........................................................................................................................................................... 12
Test assumptions .......................................................................................................................................... 12
Assumption 1: Normality ................................................................................................................................... 12
Assumption 2: Homogeneity of variance .......................................................................................................... 13
Tests ............................................................................................................................................................. 13
Independent samples t-test ............................................................................................................................... 13
Paired samples t-test (Dependent samples t-test) ............................................................................................ 13
One-sample t-test.............................................................................................................................................. 14
One-way ANOVA ............................................................................................................................................... 14
Factorial ANOVA ............................................................................................................................................... 14
Chi-square test of association (x2 test) .............................................................................................................. 14
Correlation coefficient ....................................................................................................................................... 14
Simple linear regression .................................................................................................................................... 14
Reporting...................................................................................................................................................... 15
,Visualisation ................................................................................................................................................. 15
Histogram and PP/QQ plots .............................................................................................................................. 16
Boxplots ............................................................................................................................................................. 16
Bar charts .......................................................................................................................................................... 16
Scatterplot ......................................................................................................................................................... 17
Line chart........................................................................................................................................................... 17
How to calculate an independent-samples t-test .......................................................................................... 19
Phase 1 - Prepare .............................................................................................................................................. 19
Phase 2 – Calculate ........................................................................................................................................... 19
Phase 3 – Conclude............................................................................................................................................ 19
Phase 4 – Report ............................................................................................................................................... 20
How to calculate a dependent-samples t-test (paired samples test) .............................................................. 21
Phase 1 - Prepare .............................................................................................................................................. 21
Phase 2 – Calculate ........................................................................................................................................... 21
Phase 3 – Conclude............................................................................................................................................ 21
Phase 4 – Report ............................................................................................................................................... 22
How to calculate a one sample t-test ............................................................................................................ 23
Phase 1 - Prepare .............................................................................................................................................. 23
Phase 2 – Calculate ........................................................................................................................................... 23
Phase 3 – Conclude............................................................................................................................................ 23
Phase 4 – Report ............................................................................................................................................... 23
How to calculate a one-way ANOVA ............................................................................................................. 25
Phase 1 - Prepare .............................................................................................................................................. 25
Phase 2 – Calculate ........................................................................................................................................... 25
Phase 3 – Report ............................................................................................................................................... 26
How to calculate a factorial ANOVA .............................................................................................................. 29
Phase 1 – Prepare.............................................................................................................................................. 29
Phase 2 – Calculate ........................................................................................................................................... 29
Phase 3 – Report ............................................................................................................................................... 30
How to calculate a chi-square test of association (x2) .................................................................................... 33
Phase 1 – Prepare.............................................................................................................................................. 33
Phase 2 – Calculate manually............................................................................................................................ 33
Phase 2 – Calculate by SPSS .............................................................................................................................. 33
Phase 3 – Report ............................................................................................................................................... 34
How to calculate a correlation analysis ......................................................................................................... 35
Phase 1: Prepare ............................................................................................................................................... 35
, Phase 2: Calculate correlation coefficients........................................................................................................ 35
Phase 2: Calculate partial correlation ............................................................................................................... 36
Phase 3: Report ................................................................................................................................................. 36
How to calculate a simple linear regression (regression analysis) .................................................................. 39
Phase 1: Prepare ............................................................................................................................................... 39
Phase 2: Calculate by hand ............................................................................................................................... 39
Phase 2: Calculate by SPSS ................................................................................................................................ 40
Phase 3: Report ................................................................................................................................................. 41
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