Test Bank
A Concise Introduction To Logic
By Patrick Hurley.
14th Edition
1
,Table Of Content
Part I: Informal Logic.
1. Basic Concepts.
Arguments, Premises, And Conclusions. Exercise. Recognizing Arguments. Exercise. Deduction And
Induction. Exercise. Validity, Truth, Soundness, Strength, Cogency. Exercise. Argument Forms: Proving
Invalidity. Exercise. Extended Arguments. Exercise.
2. Language: Meaning And Definition.
Varieties Of Meaning. Exercise. The Intension And Extension Of Terms. Exercise. Definitions And Their
Purposes. Exercise. Definitional Techniques. Exercise. Criteria For Lexical Definitions. Exercise.
3. Informal Fallacies.
Fallacies In General. Exercise. Fallacies Of Relevance. Exercise. Fallacies Of Weak Induction. Exercise.
Fallacies Of Presumption, Ambiguity, And Illicit Transference. Exercise. Fallacies In Ordinary Language.
Exercise.
Part Ii: Formal Logic.
4. Categorical Propositions.
The Components Of Categorical Propositions. Exercise. Quality, Quantity, And Distribution. Exercise.
Venn Diagrams And The Modern Square Of Opposition. Exercise. Conversion, Obversion, And
Contraposition. Exercise. The Traditional Square Of Opposition. Exercise. Venn Diagrams And The
Traditional Standpoint. Exercise. Translating Ordinary Language Statements Into Categorical Form.
Exercise.
5. Categorical Syllogisms.
Standard Form, Mood, And Figure. Exercise. Venn Diagrams. Exercise. Rules And Fallacies. Exercise.
Reducing The Number Of Terms. Exercise. Ordinary Language Arguments. Exercise. Enthymemes.
Exercise. Sorites. Exercise.
6. Propositional Logic.
Symbols And Translation. Exercise. Truth Functions. Exercise. Truth Tables For Propositions. Exercise.
Truth Tables For Arguments. Exercise. Indirect Truth Tables. Exercise. Argument Forms And Fallacies.
Exercise.
7. Natural Deduction In Propositional Logic.
Rules Of Implication I. Exercise. Rules Of Implication Ii. Exercise. Rules Of Replacement I. Exercise.
Rules Of Replacement Ii. Exercise. Conditional Proof. Exercise. Indirect Proof. Exercise. Proving Logical
Truths. Exercise.
8. Predicate Logic.
Symbols And Translation. Exercise. Using The Rules Of Inference. Exercise. Quantifier Negation Rule.
Exercise. Conditional And Indirect Proof. Exercise. Proving Invalidity. Exercise. Relational Predicates And
Overlapping Quantifiers. Exercise. Identity. Exercise.
Part Iii: Inductive Logic.
9. Analogy And Legal And Moral Reasoning.
Analogical Reasoning. Legal Reasoning. Moral Reasoning. Exercise.
10. Causality And Mill’s Methods.
“Cause” And Necessary And Sufficient Conditions. Mill’s Five Methods. Mill’s Methods And Science.
Exercise.
11. Probability.
Theories Of Probability. The Probability Calculus. Exercise.
12. Statistical Reasoning.
Evaluating Statistics. Samples. The Meaning Of “Average.” Dispersion. Graphs And Pictograms.
Percentages. Exercise.
13. Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning.
The Hypothetical Method. Hypothetical Reasoning: Four Examples From Science. The Proof Of
Hypotheses. The Tentative Acceptance Of Hypotheses. Exercise.
14. Science And Superstition.
Distinguishing Between Science And Superstition. Evidentiary Support. Objectivity. Integrity. Abusing
2
,Science. Exercise.
Answers To Selected Exercises.
Chapter 1 Test A
Multiple Choice
Instructions: The Following Selections Relate To Distinguishing Arguments From
Nonarguments And Identifying Conclusions. Select The Best Answer For Each.
1. There Appears To Be A Growing Happiness Gap Between Men And Women. Women Today
Are Working More And Relaxing Less, While Men Are Working Less And Relaxing More.
Forty Years Ago A Typical Woman Spent 40 Minutes More Per Week Than The Typical
Man Performing An Activity Considered Unpleasant. Today, With Men Working Less, The
Gap Is 90 Minutes And Growing.
a. Argument; Conclusion: Today ... The Gap Is 90 Minutes And Growing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; Conclusion: Forty Years Ago ... An Activity Considered Unpleasant.
d. Argument; Conclusion: There Appears To Be ... Between Men And Women.
e. Argument; Conclusion: Women Today Are Working More And
Relaxing Less. ANS: D Pts: 2
2. Lead Is Toxic, But Do You Know Why? Lead Is Toxic Mainly Because It Preferentially
Replaces Other Metals In Biochemical Reactions. In So Doing It Interferes With The Proteins
That Regulate Blood Pressure (Which Can Cause Development Delays In Children And High
Blood Pressure In Adults), Heme Production (Which Can Lead To Anemia), And Sperm
Production. Lead Also Displaces Calcium In The Reactions That Transmit Electrical Impulses
In The Brain, Which Diminishes The Ability To Think And Recall Information.
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide To
Chemistry"
a. Argument; Conclusion: It Interferes With The Proteins ... And Sperm Production.
b. Argument; Conclusion: Lead Is Toxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; Conclusion: It Preferentially Replaces Other Metals In Biochemical Reactions.
e. Argument; Conclusion: Lead Also Displaces Calcium ... Recall
Information. ANS: C Pts: 2
3. Aristotle Focused On Clarifying The Concept Of Virtue Itself. He Argued That It Was Virtuous
To Choose The Proper Amount Of Emotion And/Or Action Called For In A Particular
Situation And That Extremes Of Emotion And Action Were Vices. In All Communities There
Are Some Men Of Practical Wisdom Who Have The Capacity To Judge Wisely. Aristotle
Argued That They Have The Capacity To Follow The "Right Rule" Whatever The Situation.
David Cooper, Value Pluralism And Ethical Choice
a. Argument; Conclusion: In All Communities ... Capacity To Judge Wisely.
b. Argument; Conclusion: Aristotle Focused On Clarifying The Concept Of Virtue Itself.
c. Argument; Conclusion: They Have The Capacity To Follow ... The Situation.
d. Argument; Conclusion: He Argued That It Was Virtuous ... Were Vices
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E Pts: 2
4. Illegal Immigrants Pay Local Sales Taxes, And Many Of Them Also Pay State, Local, And
Federal Income Tax And Social Security Tax. They Also Purchase Items From Local Merchants,
Increasing The Amount These Merchants Pay In Taxes. In Addition, They Work For Low
3
, Salaries, Which Increases The Earnings Of Their Employers And The Amount Of Taxes These
Employers Pay. Thus, It Is Not Correct To Say That Illegal Immigrants Contribute Nothing To
The Communities In Which They Live.
a. Argument; Conclusion: It Is Not Correct To Say ... Communities In Which They Live.
b. Argument; Conclusion: They Work For Low Salaries ... These Employers Pay.
c. Argument; Conclusion: Illegal Immigrants Pay ... Social Security Tax.
d. Argument; Conclusion: They Also Purchase Items ... Pay In Taxes.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A Pts: 2
5. Numerous Studies Have Indicated That Women Of Color, Black Women In Particular, Are
Over-Arrested, Over-Indicted, And Over-Sentenced. African-American Women Are Seven
Times More Likely To Be Arrested For Prostitution Than Women Of Other Ethnic Groups.
Black Women Have Received Significantly Longer Sentences For Crimes Against Property And
Served Longer Periods In Prison. For Both Murder And Drug Offenses, Euroamerican Women
Ended Up Serving One-Third Less Time For The Same Offenses Than Black Women.
Nancy Kurshan, "Women And Imprisonment In The
U.S."
a. Argument; Conclusion: African-American Women ... Other Ethnic Groups.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; Conclusion: For Both Murder And Drug Offenses ... Black Women.
d. Argument; Conclusion: Numerous Studies Have Indicated ... Over-Sentenced.
e. Argument; Conclusion: Black Women Have Received ... Longer Periods In
Prison. ANS: B Pts: 2
6. It's Even More Important These Days That Your Computer Be Protected By A Firewall. There
Are Criminal Elements Lurking In The Shadows Of Cyberspace Who Send Out Probes To
Detect Unprotected Pcs. Once A Vulnerable Computer Is Found, These Criminals Install
Software That Assists Them In Committing Identity Theft And Fencing Stolen Ids. They Also
Defraud Online Advertisers By Using These Zombie Computers To Visit Pay-Per-Click Ads.
a. Argument; Conclusion: There Are Criminal Elements ... To Detect Unprotected Pcs.
b. Argument; Conclusion: Once A Vulnerable Computer ... Fencing Stolen Ids.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; Conclusion: They Also Defraud ... To Visit Pay-Per-Click Ads.
e. Argument; Conclusion: It's Even More Important ... Protected By A
Firewall. ANS: E Pts: 2
7. The Earth Is Of Interest To Astronomy For Many Reasons. Nearly All Observations Must Be
Made Through The Atmosphere, And The Phenomena Of The Upper Atmosphere And The
Magnetosphere Reflect The State Of Interplanetary Space. The Earth Is Also The Most
Important Object Of Comparison For Planetologists.
Hannu Karttunen, Et Al., Fundamental Astronomy
a. Argument; Conclusion: The Phenomena ... State Of Interplanetary Space.
b. Argument; Conclusion: The Earth Is Also ... For Planetologists.
c. Argument; Conclusion: The Earth Is Of Interest To Astronomy.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; Conclusion: Nearly All Observations ... Through The
Atmosphere. ANS: C Pts: 2
8. If The Trade In Tiger Products Is Banned, Tiger Reserves Are Guarded By Well Equipped
Staff, Communities Abutting Tiger Habitat Are Given A Stake In Protecting Tigers, And The
Makers Of Traditional Medicines Can Be Persuaded That Tiger Parts Are Not Needed, Then
Tiger Poaching Will Be Halted, Habitat And Life Sustaining Prey Will Be Restored, And The
Immanent Extinction Of Tigers In The Wild Will Be Averted.
4
A Concise Introduction To Logic
By Patrick Hurley.
14th Edition
1
,Table Of Content
Part I: Informal Logic.
1. Basic Concepts.
Arguments, Premises, And Conclusions. Exercise. Recognizing Arguments. Exercise. Deduction And
Induction. Exercise. Validity, Truth, Soundness, Strength, Cogency. Exercise. Argument Forms: Proving
Invalidity. Exercise. Extended Arguments. Exercise.
2. Language: Meaning And Definition.
Varieties Of Meaning. Exercise. The Intension And Extension Of Terms. Exercise. Definitions And Their
Purposes. Exercise. Definitional Techniques. Exercise. Criteria For Lexical Definitions. Exercise.
3. Informal Fallacies.
Fallacies In General. Exercise. Fallacies Of Relevance. Exercise. Fallacies Of Weak Induction. Exercise.
Fallacies Of Presumption, Ambiguity, And Illicit Transference. Exercise. Fallacies In Ordinary Language.
Exercise.
Part Ii: Formal Logic.
4. Categorical Propositions.
The Components Of Categorical Propositions. Exercise. Quality, Quantity, And Distribution. Exercise.
Venn Diagrams And The Modern Square Of Opposition. Exercise. Conversion, Obversion, And
Contraposition. Exercise. The Traditional Square Of Opposition. Exercise. Venn Diagrams And The
Traditional Standpoint. Exercise. Translating Ordinary Language Statements Into Categorical Form.
Exercise.
5. Categorical Syllogisms.
Standard Form, Mood, And Figure. Exercise. Venn Diagrams. Exercise. Rules And Fallacies. Exercise.
Reducing The Number Of Terms. Exercise. Ordinary Language Arguments. Exercise. Enthymemes.
Exercise. Sorites. Exercise.
6. Propositional Logic.
Symbols And Translation. Exercise. Truth Functions. Exercise. Truth Tables For Propositions. Exercise.
Truth Tables For Arguments. Exercise. Indirect Truth Tables. Exercise. Argument Forms And Fallacies.
Exercise.
7. Natural Deduction In Propositional Logic.
Rules Of Implication I. Exercise. Rules Of Implication Ii. Exercise. Rules Of Replacement I. Exercise.
Rules Of Replacement Ii. Exercise. Conditional Proof. Exercise. Indirect Proof. Exercise. Proving Logical
Truths. Exercise.
8. Predicate Logic.
Symbols And Translation. Exercise. Using The Rules Of Inference. Exercise. Quantifier Negation Rule.
Exercise. Conditional And Indirect Proof. Exercise. Proving Invalidity. Exercise. Relational Predicates And
Overlapping Quantifiers. Exercise. Identity. Exercise.
Part Iii: Inductive Logic.
9. Analogy And Legal And Moral Reasoning.
Analogical Reasoning. Legal Reasoning. Moral Reasoning. Exercise.
10. Causality And Mill’s Methods.
“Cause” And Necessary And Sufficient Conditions. Mill’s Five Methods. Mill’s Methods And Science.
Exercise.
11. Probability.
Theories Of Probability. The Probability Calculus. Exercise.
12. Statistical Reasoning.
Evaluating Statistics. Samples. The Meaning Of “Average.” Dispersion. Graphs And Pictograms.
Percentages. Exercise.
13. Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning.
The Hypothetical Method. Hypothetical Reasoning: Four Examples From Science. The Proof Of
Hypotheses. The Tentative Acceptance Of Hypotheses. Exercise.
14. Science And Superstition.
Distinguishing Between Science And Superstition. Evidentiary Support. Objectivity. Integrity. Abusing
2
,Science. Exercise.
Answers To Selected Exercises.
Chapter 1 Test A
Multiple Choice
Instructions: The Following Selections Relate To Distinguishing Arguments From
Nonarguments And Identifying Conclusions. Select The Best Answer For Each.
1. There Appears To Be A Growing Happiness Gap Between Men And Women. Women Today
Are Working More And Relaxing Less, While Men Are Working Less And Relaxing More.
Forty Years Ago A Typical Woman Spent 40 Minutes More Per Week Than The Typical
Man Performing An Activity Considered Unpleasant. Today, With Men Working Less, The
Gap Is 90 Minutes And Growing.
a. Argument; Conclusion: Today ... The Gap Is 90 Minutes And Growing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; Conclusion: Forty Years Ago ... An Activity Considered Unpleasant.
d. Argument; Conclusion: There Appears To Be ... Between Men And Women.
e. Argument; Conclusion: Women Today Are Working More And
Relaxing Less. ANS: D Pts: 2
2. Lead Is Toxic, But Do You Know Why? Lead Is Toxic Mainly Because It Preferentially
Replaces Other Metals In Biochemical Reactions. In So Doing It Interferes With The Proteins
That Regulate Blood Pressure (Which Can Cause Development Delays In Children And High
Blood Pressure In Adults), Heme Production (Which Can Lead To Anemia), And Sperm
Production. Lead Also Displaces Calcium In The Reactions That Transmit Electrical Impulses
In The Brain, Which Diminishes The Ability To Think And Recall Information.
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide To
Chemistry"
a. Argument; Conclusion: It Interferes With The Proteins ... And Sperm Production.
b. Argument; Conclusion: Lead Is Toxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; Conclusion: It Preferentially Replaces Other Metals In Biochemical Reactions.
e. Argument; Conclusion: Lead Also Displaces Calcium ... Recall
Information. ANS: C Pts: 2
3. Aristotle Focused On Clarifying The Concept Of Virtue Itself. He Argued That It Was Virtuous
To Choose The Proper Amount Of Emotion And/Or Action Called For In A Particular
Situation And That Extremes Of Emotion And Action Were Vices. In All Communities There
Are Some Men Of Practical Wisdom Who Have The Capacity To Judge Wisely. Aristotle
Argued That They Have The Capacity To Follow The "Right Rule" Whatever The Situation.
David Cooper, Value Pluralism And Ethical Choice
a. Argument; Conclusion: In All Communities ... Capacity To Judge Wisely.
b. Argument; Conclusion: Aristotle Focused On Clarifying The Concept Of Virtue Itself.
c. Argument; Conclusion: They Have The Capacity To Follow ... The Situation.
d. Argument; Conclusion: He Argued That It Was Virtuous ... Were Vices
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E Pts: 2
4. Illegal Immigrants Pay Local Sales Taxes, And Many Of Them Also Pay State, Local, And
Federal Income Tax And Social Security Tax. They Also Purchase Items From Local Merchants,
Increasing The Amount These Merchants Pay In Taxes. In Addition, They Work For Low
3
, Salaries, Which Increases The Earnings Of Their Employers And The Amount Of Taxes These
Employers Pay. Thus, It Is Not Correct To Say That Illegal Immigrants Contribute Nothing To
The Communities In Which They Live.
a. Argument; Conclusion: It Is Not Correct To Say ... Communities In Which They Live.
b. Argument; Conclusion: They Work For Low Salaries ... These Employers Pay.
c. Argument; Conclusion: Illegal Immigrants Pay ... Social Security Tax.
d. Argument; Conclusion: They Also Purchase Items ... Pay In Taxes.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A Pts: 2
5. Numerous Studies Have Indicated That Women Of Color, Black Women In Particular, Are
Over-Arrested, Over-Indicted, And Over-Sentenced. African-American Women Are Seven
Times More Likely To Be Arrested For Prostitution Than Women Of Other Ethnic Groups.
Black Women Have Received Significantly Longer Sentences For Crimes Against Property And
Served Longer Periods In Prison. For Both Murder And Drug Offenses, Euroamerican Women
Ended Up Serving One-Third Less Time For The Same Offenses Than Black Women.
Nancy Kurshan, "Women And Imprisonment In The
U.S."
a. Argument; Conclusion: African-American Women ... Other Ethnic Groups.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; Conclusion: For Both Murder And Drug Offenses ... Black Women.
d. Argument; Conclusion: Numerous Studies Have Indicated ... Over-Sentenced.
e. Argument; Conclusion: Black Women Have Received ... Longer Periods In
Prison. ANS: B Pts: 2
6. It's Even More Important These Days That Your Computer Be Protected By A Firewall. There
Are Criminal Elements Lurking In The Shadows Of Cyberspace Who Send Out Probes To
Detect Unprotected Pcs. Once A Vulnerable Computer Is Found, These Criminals Install
Software That Assists Them In Committing Identity Theft And Fencing Stolen Ids. They Also
Defraud Online Advertisers By Using These Zombie Computers To Visit Pay-Per-Click Ads.
a. Argument; Conclusion: There Are Criminal Elements ... To Detect Unprotected Pcs.
b. Argument; Conclusion: Once A Vulnerable Computer ... Fencing Stolen Ids.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; Conclusion: They Also Defraud ... To Visit Pay-Per-Click Ads.
e. Argument; Conclusion: It's Even More Important ... Protected By A
Firewall. ANS: E Pts: 2
7. The Earth Is Of Interest To Astronomy For Many Reasons. Nearly All Observations Must Be
Made Through The Atmosphere, And The Phenomena Of The Upper Atmosphere And The
Magnetosphere Reflect The State Of Interplanetary Space. The Earth Is Also The Most
Important Object Of Comparison For Planetologists.
Hannu Karttunen, Et Al., Fundamental Astronomy
a. Argument; Conclusion: The Phenomena ... State Of Interplanetary Space.
b. Argument; Conclusion: The Earth Is Also ... For Planetologists.
c. Argument; Conclusion: The Earth Is Of Interest To Astronomy.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; Conclusion: Nearly All Observations ... Through The
Atmosphere. ANS: C Pts: 2
8. If The Trade In Tiger Products Is Banned, Tiger Reserves Are Guarded By Well Equipped
Staff, Communities Abutting Tiger Habitat Are Given A Stake In Protecting Tigers, And The
Makers Of Traditional Medicines Can Be Persuaded That Tiger Parts Are Not Needed, Then
Tiger Poaching Will Be Halted, Habitat And Life Sustaining Prey Will Be Restored, And The
Immanent Extinction Of Tigers In The Wild Will Be Averted.
4
