Saylor Academy Psych101
Functionalism - CORRECT ANSWER-Suggests that cognitive processes were
governed by the function of the mind; focused on the utility of consciousness and
considers mental life and behaviour in terms of active adaptation to the person's
environment.
Structuralism - CORRECT ANSWER-Theory of consciousness developed by Wilhelm
Wundt and his mentee Edward Bradford Titchener which attempted to understand the
mind as the sum of varying underlying parts. Proposes that consciousness is best
understood through the systematic study of the anatomy of the brain
Developmental noise - CORRECT ANSWER-A concept within developmental biology in
which phenotype varies between individuals even though both the genotypes and the
environmental factors are the same for all of them; human fingerprints provide a well-
known example; the fingerprints differ even between genetically identical human twins.
Eugenics - CORRECT ANSWER-The science of improving a human population by
controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics.
Developed largely by Francis Galton as a method of improving the human race, it fell
into disfavor only after the perversion of its doctrines by the Nazis.
Genomic imprinting - CORRECT ANSWER-Phenomenon by which certain genes are
expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. If the allele inherited from the father is
imprinted, it is thereby silenced, and only the allele from the mother is expressed. If the
allele from the mother is imprinted, then only the allele from the father is expressed.
Gene-environment interaction - CORRECT ANSWER-Genes are not "set in stone; the
expression of genes in an organism can be influenced by the environment, including the
external world in which the organism is located or develops, as well as the organism's
internal world, which includes such factors as its hormones and metabolism.
Polygenic - CORRECT ANSWER-Traits that are controlled by multiple genes and/or
influenced by the environment, such as height, skin color, eye color, weight
Pure experiment - CORRECT ANSWER-Type of experimental design thought to be the
most accurate type of experimental research. Also thought to be the only experimental
design that can establish cause and effect relationship. Three criteria must be met in a
true experiment: 1) Control group and experimental group, 2) Researcher-manipulated
variable, 3) Random assignment
Nature vs. Nurture Debate - CORRECT ANSWER-The nature vs. nurture debate is an
ongoing one. The modern debate often centers around the effect genes have on human
, personalities as opposed to the influences that early environment and development
might have.
Negative correlation - CORRECT ANSWER-When two variables have an inverse
relationship; as one variable increases, the other decreases.
Psychoanalysis - CORRECT ANSWER-Aims to treat mental disorders by investigating
the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind and bringing
repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind by techniques such as dream
interpretation and free association.
Cognitivism - CORRECT ANSWER-Study focusing on mental processes, including how
people perceive, think, remember, learn, solve problems, and direct their attention to
one stimulus rather than another. Psychologists working from a cognitivist perspective,
then, seek to understand cognition.
Q: What famous psychologist decided nearly 100 years ago that psychology should be
defined as the scientific study of behavior? - CORRECT ANSWER-Watson
Q: Schizophrenia is a mental illness which - CORRECT ANSWER-Affects about 1% of
the population
Q: A study of how adults respond to a new therapy has a group with the new therapy
fully implemented, a group with the new therapy partially implemented, a group with the
new therapy not implemented at all, and a group considering implementation of the new
therapy. Which group would be best described as the control group? - CORRECT
ANSWER-Group with the new therapy not implemented at all
Q: Considering a correlation represents a relationship between two variables, which
phrase best exemplifies a negative correlation (i.e., variables move in different
directions)? - CORRECT ANSWER-An individual's level of stress and his or her degree
of psychological well-being
Q: What essential feature distinguishes a pure experiment from other types of studies? -
CORRECT ANSWER-A pure experiment is a study in which an independent variable is
intentionally manipulated.
Q: The best way to explain the complex gene-environment interaction is with the
concept of... - CORRECT ANSWER-Nature vs nurture
Q: Which statement regarding heritability coefficients is correct? - CORRECT
ANSWER-Heritability coefficients tend to oversimplify genetic influence.
Q: Which of the following statements regarding polygenetic disorders is false? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Polygenetic disorders can be easily predicted prior to onset.
Functionalism - CORRECT ANSWER-Suggests that cognitive processes were
governed by the function of the mind; focused on the utility of consciousness and
considers mental life and behaviour in terms of active adaptation to the person's
environment.
Structuralism - CORRECT ANSWER-Theory of consciousness developed by Wilhelm
Wundt and his mentee Edward Bradford Titchener which attempted to understand the
mind as the sum of varying underlying parts. Proposes that consciousness is best
understood through the systematic study of the anatomy of the brain
Developmental noise - CORRECT ANSWER-A concept within developmental biology in
which phenotype varies between individuals even though both the genotypes and the
environmental factors are the same for all of them; human fingerprints provide a well-
known example; the fingerprints differ even between genetically identical human twins.
Eugenics - CORRECT ANSWER-The science of improving a human population by
controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics.
Developed largely by Francis Galton as a method of improving the human race, it fell
into disfavor only after the perversion of its doctrines by the Nazis.
Genomic imprinting - CORRECT ANSWER-Phenomenon by which certain genes are
expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. If the allele inherited from the father is
imprinted, it is thereby silenced, and only the allele from the mother is expressed. If the
allele from the mother is imprinted, then only the allele from the father is expressed.
Gene-environment interaction - CORRECT ANSWER-Genes are not "set in stone; the
expression of genes in an organism can be influenced by the environment, including the
external world in which the organism is located or develops, as well as the organism's
internal world, which includes such factors as its hormones and metabolism.
Polygenic - CORRECT ANSWER-Traits that are controlled by multiple genes and/or
influenced by the environment, such as height, skin color, eye color, weight
Pure experiment - CORRECT ANSWER-Type of experimental design thought to be the
most accurate type of experimental research. Also thought to be the only experimental
design that can establish cause and effect relationship. Three criteria must be met in a
true experiment: 1) Control group and experimental group, 2) Researcher-manipulated
variable, 3) Random assignment
Nature vs. Nurture Debate - CORRECT ANSWER-The nature vs. nurture debate is an
ongoing one. The modern debate often centers around the effect genes have on human
, personalities as opposed to the influences that early environment and development
might have.
Negative correlation - CORRECT ANSWER-When two variables have an inverse
relationship; as one variable increases, the other decreases.
Psychoanalysis - CORRECT ANSWER-Aims to treat mental disorders by investigating
the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind and bringing
repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind by techniques such as dream
interpretation and free association.
Cognitivism - CORRECT ANSWER-Study focusing on mental processes, including how
people perceive, think, remember, learn, solve problems, and direct their attention to
one stimulus rather than another. Psychologists working from a cognitivist perspective,
then, seek to understand cognition.
Q: What famous psychologist decided nearly 100 years ago that psychology should be
defined as the scientific study of behavior? - CORRECT ANSWER-Watson
Q: Schizophrenia is a mental illness which - CORRECT ANSWER-Affects about 1% of
the population
Q: A study of how adults respond to a new therapy has a group with the new therapy
fully implemented, a group with the new therapy partially implemented, a group with the
new therapy not implemented at all, and a group considering implementation of the new
therapy. Which group would be best described as the control group? - CORRECT
ANSWER-Group with the new therapy not implemented at all
Q: Considering a correlation represents a relationship between two variables, which
phrase best exemplifies a negative correlation (i.e., variables move in different
directions)? - CORRECT ANSWER-An individual's level of stress and his or her degree
of psychological well-being
Q: What essential feature distinguishes a pure experiment from other types of studies? -
CORRECT ANSWER-A pure experiment is a study in which an independent variable is
intentionally manipulated.
Q: The best way to explain the complex gene-environment interaction is with the
concept of... - CORRECT ANSWER-Nature vs nurture
Q: Which statement regarding heritability coefficients is correct? - CORRECT
ANSWER-Heritability coefficients tend to oversimplify genetic influence.
Q: Which of the following statements regarding polygenetic disorders is false? -
CORRECT ANSWER-Polygenetic disorders can be easily predicted prior to onset.
