ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY
2025/2026 EXAM WITH 211 QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS RATED A+
Pharmacodynamics - ANSWER-study of the biochemical and physiologic
effects of drugs on the body
Think Dynamic (change)
majority of drugs either
(a) mimic or inhibit normal physiological/biochemical processes or inhibit
pathological processes in animals or
(b) inhibit vital processes of endo- or ectoparasites and microbial
organisms
Explain Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER-The study of how drugs are moved
through the body and are encompassed in mechanisms of:
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Think Kinetic (movement)
,Summarize the main drug actions - ANSWER-1 - stimulating action through
direct receptor agonism and downstream effects
2 - depressing action through direct receptor agonism and downstream
effects (ex.: inverse agonist)
3- blocking/antagonizing action (as with silent antagonists), the drug binds
the receptor but does not activate it
4- stabilizing action, the drug seems to act neither as a stimulant or as a
depressant
5- exchanging/replacing substances or accumulating them to form a
reserve (ex.: glycogen storage)
Desired activity is achieved through what main mechanisms? - ANSWER--
Cellular membrane disruption
-Chemical reaction with downstream effects
-Interaction with enzyme proteins
-Interaction with structural proteins
-Interaction with carrier proteins
-Interaction with ion channels
-Ligand binding to receptors: 1)Hormone receptors 2) Neuromodulator
receptors 3)Neurotransmitter receptors
Duration of action - ANSWER-duration of action of a drug is the length of
time that particular drug is effective
,Explain bioavailability - ANSWER-drug's bioavailability can be defined as
the proportion of the drug that reaches its site of action
Explain the therapeutic window - ANSWER-therapeutic window is the
amount of a medication between the amount that gives an effect (effective
dose) and the amount that gives more adverse effects than desired effects
6 rights to medication administration - ANSWER-RIGHT CLIENT
RIGHT MEDICATION
RIGHT DOSAGE
RIGHT ROUTE
RIGHT TIME
RIGHT DOCUMENTATION
Potency - ANSWER-potency is a measure of drug activity expressed in
terms of the amount required to produce an effect of given intensity
(more morphine is needed to give the same effects as fentanyl)
Affinity - ANSWER-Affinity is how well a drug can bind to a receptor
(Fast/strong binding = higher affinity)
Efficacy - ANSWER-Efficacy is the relationship between receptor
occupancy and the ability to initiate a response at the molecular, cellular,
tissue or system level. In other words, efficacy refers to how well an action
is took after the drug is bound to a receptor
, Benzodiazepine MOA - ANSWER-Act on GABA which is a major inhibitory
NTM in the CNS; Effects are produced by interacting with a protein
complex with in the neuronal membrane GABA which has a high 'affinity'
for benzo's specifically;
Inhibition of polysynaptic afferent pathways resulting in skeletal muscle
relaxation; It decreases the spread of seizure activity due to an increased
pre-synaptic inhibition of the CNS
Benzodiazepines adverse effects - ANSWER-Most derived through CNS
actions; Ataxia, dizziness, drowsiness/sedation, blurred vision, hypnosis,
weakness, fatigue
More severe: hypersensitivity, mental depression, hypotension, paradoxical
stimulation, rebound seizures
Benzo pharmacokinetics - ANSWER-Widely distributed throughout the
body
accumulate in lipid rich areas (CNS and adipose tissue)
the more lipophilic the agent the faster it is absorbed
Onset 30 min- 1 hr lasting 4-6 hours, peak at 1-2 hours
IV Admin: onset 1-5 min, peak immediately, last 15-20 min
metabolized by the liver and excreted in urine
Benzodiazepine uses/indications - ANSWER-Similar actions however
different doses/concentrations/combinations produce different actions thus
have different uses
2025/2026 EXAM WITH 211 QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS RATED A+
Pharmacodynamics - ANSWER-study of the biochemical and physiologic
effects of drugs on the body
Think Dynamic (change)
majority of drugs either
(a) mimic or inhibit normal physiological/biochemical processes or inhibit
pathological processes in animals or
(b) inhibit vital processes of endo- or ectoparasites and microbial
organisms
Explain Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER-The study of how drugs are moved
through the body and are encompassed in mechanisms of:
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Think Kinetic (movement)
,Summarize the main drug actions - ANSWER-1 - stimulating action through
direct receptor agonism and downstream effects
2 - depressing action through direct receptor agonism and downstream
effects (ex.: inverse agonist)
3- blocking/antagonizing action (as with silent antagonists), the drug binds
the receptor but does not activate it
4- stabilizing action, the drug seems to act neither as a stimulant or as a
depressant
5- exchanging/replacing substances or accumulating them to form a
reserve (ex.: glycogen storage)
Desired activity is achieved through what main mechanisms? - ANSWER--
Cellular membrane disruption
-Chemical reaction with downstream effects
-Interaction with enzyme proteins
-Interaction with structural proteins
-Interaction with carrier proteins
-Interaction with ion channels
-Ligand binding to receptors: 1)Hormone receptors 2) Neuromodulator
receptors 3)Neurotransmitter receptors
Duration of action - ANSWER-duration of action of a drug is the length of
time that particular drug is effective
,Explain bioavailability - ANSWER-drug's bioavailability can be defined as
the proportion of the drug that reaches its site of action
Explain the therapeutic window - ANSWER-therapeutic window is the
amount of a medication between the amount that gives an effect (effective
dose) and the amount that gives more adverse effects than desired effects
6 rights to medication administration - ANSWER-RIGHT CLIENT
RIGHT MEDICATION
RIGHT DOSAGE
RIGHT ROUTE
RIGHT TIME
RIGHT DOCUMENTATION
Potency - ANSWER-potency is a measure of drug activity expressed in
terms of the amount required to produce an effect of given intensity
(more morphine is needed to give the same effects as fentanyl)
Affinity - ANSWER-Affinity is how well a drug can bind to a receptor
(Fast/strong binding = higher affinity)
Efficacy - ANSWER-Efficacy is the relationship between receptor
occupancy and the ability to initiate a response at the molecular, cellular,
tissue or system level. In other words, efficacy refers to how well an action
is took after the drug is bound to a receptor
, Benzodiazepine MOA - ANSWER-Act on GABA which is a major inhibitory
NTM in the CNS; Effects are produced by interacting with a protein
complex with in the neuronal membrane GABA which has a high 'affinity'
for benzo's specifically;
Inhibition of polysynaptic afferent pathways resulting in skeletal muscle
relaxation; It decreases the spread of seizure activity due to an increased
pre-synaptic inhibition of the CNS
Benzodiazepines adverse effects - ANSWER-Most derived through CNS
actions; Ataxia, dizziness, drowsiness/sedation, blurred vision, hypnosis,
weakness, fatigue
More severe: hypersensitivity, mental depression, hypotension, paradoxical
stimulation, rebound seizures
Benzo pharmacokinetics - ANSWER-Widely distributed throughout the
body
accumulate in lipid rich areas (CNS and adipose tissue)
the more lipophilic the agent the faster it is absorbed
Onset 30 min- 1 hr lasting 4-6 hours, peak at 1-2 hours
IV Admin: onset 1-5 min, peak immediately, last 15-20 min
metabolized by the liver and excreted in urine
Benzodiazepine uses/indications - ANSWER-Similar actions however
different doses/concentrations/combinations produce different actions thus
have different uses
