DRUG DISCOVERY LAB EXAM #2
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Salmonella stimulates the macrophage to engulf it indicating that cells of this bacterium
actively promote the formation of a specialized cellular niche in which they can acquire
nutrients, evade killing by the host immune system, and potentially transition to chronic
infection - ANSWER-What are the benefits of salmonella infection of macrophages?
Once salmonella is in phagocyte in acidic environment, instead of trying to pump out the
acid- it says come on and get me and becomes acidic so it can survive - ANSWER-
Describe the mechanism by which Salmonella is protected from acidification by the
lysosome
Macrophages - ANSWER-are specialized cells in the innate immune system that are
involved in the detection, phagocytosis, and destruction of bacteria and other harmful
organisms
antigen - ANSWER-a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune
response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.
Phagocytes - ANSWER-A type of white blood cell that ingests invading microbes
Extravasation - ANSWER-the process by which monocytes leave the bloodstream and
enter tissues
effector t cell - ANSWER-A cell involved in effecting—bringing about—the specific
immune response to an antigen.
effector molecules - ANSWER-can induce transcription by inhibiting binding of the
repressor to the operator and binding to proteins. act as ligands that can increase or
decrease enzyme activity, gene expression, or cell signaling.
Innate immune system - ANSWER-nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into
play immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body
-antigens are foreign substances such as toxins, bacteria, viruses
-the defense mechanisms involve physical barriers such as skin, chemicals in blood,
and immune system cells that attack foreign cells in body
the chemical or molecular properties of the antigen - ANSWER-what is the innate
immune response activated by?
acquired immune system - ANSWER-Antigen specific immune response. Mounts a
response thats appropriate for the specific antigen present. More complex- antigen must
first be recognized and processed by this immune system- once it's recognized this
, system creates an army of immune cells specifically designed to attack that antigen
through production of antibodies.
-Includes a "memory" that makes future responses against specific antigen more
efficient: is what makes vaccines effective after 1st exposure
steps of phagocytosis - ANSWER-1.Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to
phagocyte. 2.Ingestion of microbe by phagocyte. 3.Formation of a phagosome. 4.Fusion
of the phagosome with a lysosome (things activated in low pH) to form a
phagolysosome
5.Digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes
6.Formation of residual body containing indigestible material
7.Discharge of waste materials
Phagocytosis - ANSWER-A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or
whole cells
host cell - ANSWER-Living cell in which a virus can actively multiply or in which a virus
can hide until activated by environmental stimuli
phagosomes - ANSWER-a vacuole formed around a microorganism as it is engulfed; a
compartment
phagolysosome - ANSWER-Intracellular vesicle formed by fusion of a phagosome with
a lysosome, in which the phagocytosed material is broken down by degradative
lysosomal enzymes.
monoblast - ANSWER-immature monocyte
Toll-like receptors - ANSWER-recognition receptors that can bind specifically to different
pathogen components like sugars (LPS), RNA, DNA or extracellular proteins (for
example, the protein flagellin from bacterial flagella) and upon binding, the macrophage
becomes activated. Upon activation, the process of extravasation is started
monocyte - ANSWER-a granulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight
infection- detect when something is wrong and exit the bloodstream and become
macrophage
paracellular - ANSWER-movement of materials between cells
transcellular - ANSWER-Secretions and excretions that move through cell membranes
and eventually leave the body
flagellin - ANSWER-protein that makes up flagella
LPS (lipopolysaccharide) - ANSWER-A molecule consisting of lipids and polysaccharide
moieties that is a major component of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria.
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Salmonella stimulates the macrophage to engulf it indicating that cells of this bacterium
actively promote the formation of a specialized cellular niche in which they can acquire
nutrients, evade killing by the host immune system, and potentially transition to chronic
infection - ANSWER-What are the benefits of salmonella infection of macrophages?
Once salmonella is in phagocyte in acidic environment, instead of trying to pump out the
acid- it says come on and get me and becomes acidic so it can survive - ANSWER-
Describe the mechanism by which Salmonella is protected from acidification by the
lysosome
Macrophages - ANSWER-are specialized cells in the innate immune system that are
involved in the detection, phagocytosis, and destruction of bacteria and other harmful
organisms
antigen - ANSWER-a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune
response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.
Phagocytes - ANSWER-A type of white blood cell that ingests invading microbes
Extravasation - ANSWER-the process by which monocytes leave the bloodstream and
enter tissues
effector t cell - ANSWER-A cell involved in effecting—bringing about—the specific
immune response to an antigen.
effector molecules - ANSWER-can induce transcription by inhibiting binding of the
repressor to the operator and binding to proteins. act as ligands that can increase or
decrease enzyme activity, gene expression, or cell signaling.
Innate immune system - ANSWER-nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into
play immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body
-antigens are foreign substances such as toxins, bacteria, viruses
-the defense mechanisms involve physical barriers such as skin, chemicals in blood,
and immune system cells that attack foreign cells in body
the chemical or molecular properties of the antigen - ANSWER-what is the innate
immune response activated by?
acquired immune system - ANSWER-Antigen specific immune response. Mounts a
response thats appropriate for the specific antigen present. More complex- antigen must
first be recognized and processed by this immune system- once it's recognized this
, system creates an army of immune cells specifically designed to attack that antigen
through production of antibodies.
-Includes a "memory" that makes future responses against specific antigen more
efficient: is what makes vaccines effective after 1st exposure
steps of phagocytosis - ANSWER-1.Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to
phagocyte. 2.Ingestion of microbe by phagocyte. 3.Formation of a phagosome. 4.Fusion
of the phagosome with a lysosome (things activated in low pH) to form a
phagolysosome
5.Digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes
6.Formation of residual body containing indigestible material
7.Discharge of waste materials
Phagocytosis - ANSWER-A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or
whole cells
host cell - ANSWER-Living cell in which a virus can actively multiply or in which a virus
can hide until activated by environmental stimuli
phagosomes - ANSWER-a vacuole formed around a microorganism as it is engulfed; a
compartment
phagolysosome - ANSWER-Intracellular vesicle formed by fusion of a phagosome with
a lysosome, in which the phagocytosed material is broken down by degradative
lysosomal enzymes.
monoblast - ANSWER-immature monocyte
Toll-like receptors - ANSWER-recognition receptors that can bind specifically to different
pathogen components like sugars (LPS), RNA, DNA or extracellular proteins (for
example, the protein flagellin from bacterial flagella) and upon binding, the macrophage
becomes activated. Upon activation, the process of extravasation is started
monocyte - ANSWER-a granulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight
infection- detect when something is wrong and exit the bloodstream and become
macrophage
paracellular - ANSWER-movement of materials between cells
transcellular - ANSWER-Secretions and excretions that move through cell membranes
and eventually leave the body
flagellin - ANSWER-protein that makes up flagella
LPS (lipopolysaccharide) - ANSWER-A molecule consisting of lipids and polysaccharide
moieties that is a major component of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria.
