CLINICAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
Is atrophy reversible? - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Yes
What is Atrophy? - CORRECT-ANSWERS- cell decreases in size because
demand decreases
"You don't use it, you lose it!"
What are the five causes of cell atrophy? - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
I. Disuse
II. Ischemia (inadequate blood supply to organ/body part)
III. Endocrine dysfunction
IV. Persistent cell injury
V. Aging
What is hypertrophy? - CORRECT-ANSWERS- cell increases in size because
demand increases
Hypertrophy can either be.... - CORRECT-ANSWERS- -physiologic (normal)
-pathologic (abnormal)
Examples of physiologic hypertrophy? - CORRECT-ANSWERS--weight lifting
Examples of pathologic hypertrophy? - CORRECT-ANSWERS--an enlarged
organ
What is hyperplasia? - CORRECT-ANSWERS--increased number of cells
1
,Hyperplasia can be.... - CORRECT-ANSWERS- -Physiologic
Pathologic
Example of physiologic hyperplasia - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Breast
enlargement during puberty
example of pathologic hyperplasia - CORRECT-ANSWERS- enlargement of
the prostate gland
What is metaplasia? - CORRECT-ANSWERS- replacement of one cell type
with another
Is metaplasia reversible or irreversible? - CORRECT-ANSWERS- reversible
Replaces one cell with another cell
I. Cell remains the same basic tissue type
II. Usually occurs in response to Chronic irritation and inflammation
III. Reversible - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Metaplasia
What is Dysplasia? - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Cell mutates with abnormal
variations in size, shape, and arrangement
Cells mutate with abnormal variations in SIZE, SHAPE, and ARRANGEMENT
I. Abnormal
II. May be reversible
III. Strong precursor for cancer - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Dysplasia
What is the single most common cause of cellular injury? - CORRECT-
ANSWERS- Hypoxic injury
2
, Results From:
-Reduced amount of O2 in the air
-Loss of hemoglobin or decreased efficacy of Hemoglobin
-Decreased production of RBC (anemia)
-Poisoning of the oxidative enzymes within the cells - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
Hypoxic injury
Most common cause of Hypoxic injury? - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Ischemia
(blood flow stops from heart attack, stroke, blood clot, gradual narrowing of
arteries, etc.)
what is an ischemia-reperfusion injury? - CORRECT-ANSWERS- When there is
much oxygen in an area without oxygen, there will be too many free radicals
in a cell, causing the cell to implode.
EX: opening a blood clot too soon.
What are free radicals and reactive oxygen species? - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
Electrically uncharged atom or atoms having an unpaired electron causing
damage to:
Lipid peroxidation
Alteration of proteins
Alteration of DNA
Mitochondria
What causes Chemical injury to cells? - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
lead
ethanol
Carbon monoxide
mercury
Social/Street Drugs
medications
3
CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
Is atrophy reversible? - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Yes
What is Atrophy? - CORRECT-ANSWERS- cell decreases in size because
demand decreases
"You don't use it, you lose it!"
What are the five causes of cell atrophy? - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
I. Disuse
II. Ischemia (inadequate blood supply to organ/body part)
III. Endocrine dysfunction
IV. Persistent cell injury
V. Aging
What is hypertrophy? - CORRECT-ANSWERS- cell increases in size because
demand increases
Hypertrophy can either be.... - CORRECT-ANSWERS- -physiologic (normal)
-pathologic (abnormal)
Examples of physiologic hypertrophy? - CORRECT-ANSWERS--weight lifting
Examples of pathologic hypertrophy? - CORRECT-ANSWERS--an enlarged
organ
What is hyperplasia? - CORRECT-ANSWERS--increased number of cells
1
,Hyperplasia can be.... - CORRECT-ANSWERS- -Physiologic
Pathologic
Example of physiologic hyperplasia - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Breast
enlargement during puberty
example of pathologic hyperplasia - CORRECT-ANSWERS- enlargement of
the prostate gland
What is metaplasia? - CORRECT-ANSWERS- replacement of one cell type
with another
Is metaplasia reversible or irreversible? - CORRECT-ANSWERS- reversible
Replaces one cell with another cell
I. Cell remains the same basic tissue type
II. Usually occurs in response to Chronic irritation and inflammation
III. Reversible - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Metaplasia
What is Dysplasia? - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Cell mutates with abnormal
variations in size, shape, and arrangement
Cells mutate with abnormal variations in SIZE, SHAPE, and ARRANGEMENT
I. Abnormal
II. May be reversible
III. Strong precursor for cancer - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Dysplasia
What is the single most common cause of cellular injury? - CORRECT-
ANSWERS- Hypoxic injury
2
, Results From:
-Reduced amount of O2 in the air
-Loss of hemoglobin or decreased efficacy of Hemoglobin
-Decreased production of RBC (anemia)
-Poisoning of the oxidative enzymes within the cells - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
Hypoxic injury
Most common cause of Hypoxic injury? - CORRECT-ANSWERS- Ischemia
(blood flow stops from heart attack, stroke, blood clot, gradual narrowing of
arteries, etc.)
what is an ischemia-reperfusion injury? - CORRECT-ANSWERS- When there is
much oxygen in an area without oxygen, there will be too many free radicals
in a cell, causing the cell to implode.
EX: opening a blood clot too soon.
What are free radicals and reactive oxygen species? - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
Electrically uncharged atom or atoms having an unpaired electron causing
damage to:
Lipid peroxidation
Alteration of proteins
Alteration of DNA
Mitochondria
What causes Chemical injury to cells? - CORRECT-ANSWERS-
lead
ethanol
Carbon monoxide
mercury
Social/Street Drugs
medications
3
