Nagelhout Pharm 1- Exam 3 Questions and Answers Fully Solved
General Cardiac Effects of Opiates - Answers Little to no effect
Minimal bradycardia
Effects more pronounced in shock or ambulating patients
Groups of Endogenous Opioid Peptides (5) - Answers 1. Enkephalins
a. Leu-enkephalin
b. Met-enkephalin
2. β -Endorphin
3. Dynorphins
a. Dynorphin
b. α-Neoendorphin
4. Endomorphin 1 and Endomorphin 2
5. Nociceptin
Precursor to Enkephalins - Answers Proenkephalin A
Precursor to β-Endophins - Answers Pro-opiomelanocortin (Pro-OMC)
Precursor to Dynorphins - Answers Prodynorphin
Precursor to Endomorpins 1 & 2 - Answers Unknown
Precursor to Nociceptin - Answers Pronociceptin
Location of endogenous opioid peptides - Answers Brain & Spinal cord
(second highest concentration in GI)
Analgesic mechanism of action of opioids - Answers Actives opioid receptors on pre-synaptic "pain
pathway" nerve → prevents release of substance P (or bradykinin/acetylcholine) to post-synaptic nerve
Analgesic mechanism of action of endogenous endorphins - Answers Endorphins released from pre-
synaptic "pain relieving" nerve → pre-synaptic "pain producing nerve" → prevents release of substance
P (or bradykinin/acetylcholine) to post-synaptic nerve
3 classes of opiate receptors - Answers 1. Mu µ
2. Kappa κ
, 3. Delta δ
Mu receptors effects (11) - Answers 1. Analgesia (supraspinal and spinal) (Mu-1 in animals)
2. Euphoria & sedation
3. Physical dependence
4. Depression of respirations (Mu-2 in animals)
5. Miosis
6. Constipation
7. Urinary retention
8. Bradycardia
9. Pruritus
10. Skeletal rigidity
11. Biliary spasm
Kappa receptor effects (6) - Answers 1. Analgesia (spinal & supraspinal)
2. DYSPHORIA
3. Sedation
4. Low abuse potential
5. Miosis
6. ANTI-SHIVERING
Delta receptor effects (5) - Answers (AUGMENTS MU & KAPPA EFFECTS)
1. Analgesia (supraspinal and spinal)
2. Physical dependence
3. Respiratory depression
4. Minimal constipation
5. Urinary retention
Mu receptor Agonists (3) - Answers 1. Endorphins
General Cardiac Effects of Opiates - Answers Little to no effect
Minimal bradycardia
Effects more pronounced in shock or ambulating patients
Groups of Endogenous Opioid Peptides (5) - Answers 1. Enkephalins
a. Leu-enkephalin
b. Met-enkephalin
2. β -Endorphin
3. Dynorphins
a. Dynorphin
b. α-Neoendorphin
4. Endomorphin 1 and Endomorphin 2
5. Nociceptin
Precursor to Enkephalins - Answers Proenkephalin A
Precursor to β-Endophins - Answers Pro-opiomelanocortin (Pro-OMC)
Precursor to Dynorphins - Answers Prodynorphin
Precursor to Endomorpins 1 & 2 - Answers Unknown
Precursor to Nociceptin - Answers Pronociceptin
Location of endogenous opioid peptides - Answers Brain & Spinal cord
(second highest concentration in GI)
Analgesic mechanism of action of opioids - Answers Actives opioid receptors on pre-synaptic "pain
pathway" nerve → prevents release of substance P (or bradykinin/acetylcholine) to post-synaptic nerve
Analgesic mechanism of action of endogenous endorphins - Answers Endorphins released from pre-
synaptic "pain relieving" nerve → pre-synaptic "pain producing nerve" → prevents release of substance
P (or bradykinin/acetylcholine) to post-synaptic nerve
3 classes of opiate receptors - Answers 1. Mu µ
2. Kappa κ
, 3. Delta δ
Mu receptors effects (11) - Answers 1. Analgesia (supraspinal and spinal) (Mu-1 in animals)
2. Euphoria & sedation
3. Physical dependence
4. Depression of respirations (Mu-2 in animals)
5. Miosis
6. Constipation
7. Urinary retention
8. Bradycardia
9. Pruritus
10. Skeletal rigidity
11. Biliary spasm
Kappa receptor effects (6) - Answers 1. Analgesia (spinal & supraspinal)
2. DYSPHORIA
3. Sedation
4. Low abuse potential
5. Miosis
6. ANTI-SHIVERING
Delta receptor effects (5) - Answers (AUGMENTS MU & KAPPA EFFECTS)
1. Analgesia (supraspinal and spinal)
2. Physical dependence
3. Respiratory depression
4. Minimal constipation
5. Urinary retention
Mu receptor Agonists (3) - Answers 1. Endorphins
