SPCE 611 PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS | ALREADY GRADED A+RECENT VERSION

SPCE 611 PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS | ALREADY GRADED A+RECENT VERSION 1) Applied behaviour analysis - answer the science in which tactics derived from the principles of behaviour are applied to improve socially significant behaviour and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement in behaviour 2) behaviourism - answer the philosophy of a science of behaviour 3) determinism - answer the assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which phenomena occur in relation to other events and not willy-nilly, accident fashion 4) empiricism - answer fact and not opinion based 5) experiment - answer a controlled comparison of some measure of the phenomena of interest (dependent variable) under 2 or more conditions in which on factor at a time (independent variable )differs from one condition to the other. 6) experimental analysis of behaviour (eab) - answer a natural science approach to study of behaviour (skinner) 7) explanatory fiction - answer hypothetical, un provable, variable to explain behaviour("intelligence") 8) functional relation - answer the demonstration of the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. 9) hypothetical construct - answer a presumed but unobserved process or entity 10) mentalism - answer an approach to explaining behaviour that assumes that a mental, or "inner," dimension exists that differs from a behavioural dimension and that phenomena in this dimension either directly cause or at least mediate some forms of behaivour, if not all 11) methodological behaviourism - answer a philosophical position that views behavioural events that cannot be publicly observed as outside the realm of science. 12) parsimony - answer in scientific studies, the search for the least complex explanation for an observed phenomenon 13) philosophic doubt - answer an attitude that the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and knowledge should be continually questioned. 14) radical behaviourism - answer a thoroughgoing form of behaviourism that attempts to understand all human behaviour, including private events such as thoughts and feelings, in terms of controlling variables in the history of the person (ontogeny) and the species (phylogeny). 15) replication - answer repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances. 16) science - answer the study of our natural world through observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanations. 17) automaticity of reinforcement - answer behaviour is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person's awareness. Person doesn't have to know that a consequence has occurred. 18) aversive stimulus - answer in general, an unpleasant or noxious stimulus; more technically, a stimulus change or condition that functions (a) to evoke a behaviour that has terminated it in the past; (b) as a punisher when presented following behaviour, and/or (c) as a reinforcer when withdrawn following behaviour. 19) behaviour - answer anything an organism does in response to changes in its environment 20) behaviour change tactic - answer a technologically consistent method for changing behaviour derived from one or more principles of behaviour (e.g., differential reinforcement of other behaviour, response cost); possesses sufficient generality across subjects, settings, and/or behaviours to warrant its codification and dissemination. 21) conditioned punisher - answer a previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers. 22) conditioned reflex - answer a learned stimulus-response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the response it elicits; a product of his or her history of interactions with the environment (ontogeny) 23) conditioned reinforcer - answer a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer 24) conditioned stimulus - answer neutral stimulus that, through repeated association with an unconditioned stimulus, begins to elicit a conditioned response 25) consequence - answer a stimulus change that follows a behaviour of interest. 26) contingency - answer refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behaviour and its controlling variables. 27) contingent - answer describes reinforcement (or punishment) that is delivered only after the target behaviour has occurred. 28) deprivation - answer the state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has consumed or contacted a particular type of reinforcer: also refers to a procedure for increasing the effectiveness of a reinforcer. 29) discriminated operant - answer a behaviour that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than it does in others 30) discriminative stimulus (sd) - answer a specific stimulus in the presence of which a particular response is more likely to be reinforced, and in the absence of which a particular response is not reinforced 31) environment - answer the conglomerate of real circumstances in which the organism or referenced part of the organism exits; behaviour cannot occur in the absence of environment. 32) extinction (operant) - answer discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinforced behaviour 33) habituation - answer a decrease in response caused by repeated exposure to a stimulus. 34) higher order conditioning - answer development of a conditioned reflex by pairing of a neutral stimulus (ns) with a conditioned stimulus (cs). Also known as secondary conditioning. 35) history of reinforcement - answer an inclusive term referring in general to all of a person's learning experiences and more specifically to past conditioning . 36) motivating operation - answer an environmental variable that (a) alters (increases or decreases) the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event; and (b) alters (increases or decreases) the current frequency of all behaviour that have been reinforced by that stimulus, object, or event. 37) negative reinforcement - answer when behavior increases because there is a withdrawal or termination of stimulus 38) neutral stimulus - answer a stimulus eliciting no response. 39) ontogeny - answer the history of development of an individual organism during its lifetime. 40) operant behaviour - answer behaviour that is selected, maintained, and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences; each person's repertoire of operant behaviour is a product of his history of interactions with the environment. 41) operant conditioning - answer a type of learning in which behaviour is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. 42) phylogeny - answer evolutionary history of a species 43) positive reinforcement - answer increasing behaviours by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. 44) principle of behaviour - answer a statement describing a functional relation between behaviour and one or more of its controlling variables with generality across organisms, species, settings, behaviours, and time. 45) punisher - answer a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behaviour that immediately precedes it. 46) punishment - answer occurs when stimulus change immediately follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that type of behaviour in similar conditions. 47) reflex - answer a stimulus-response relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behaviour it elicits (bright light-pupil contraction). 48) reinforcement - answer a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour. 49) reinforcer - answer in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behaviour it follows 50) repertoire - answer all of the behaviours a person can do; or a set of behaviours relevant to a particular setting or task. 51) respondent behaviour - answer the response component of a reflex; behaviour that is elicited, or induced, by antecedent stimuli. 52) respondent conditioning - answer a stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus (ns) is presented with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response. 53) respondent extinction - answer the repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus; the cs gradually loses its ability to elicit the conditioned response until the conditioned reflex no longer appears in the individual's repertoire. 54) response - answer a single instance or occurrence of a specific class or type of behaviour. 55) Aba - answer science devoted to understanding and improvement of human behavior - focus on objectively defined behavior of social significance -scientific approach for discovering environmental variables that reliably influence socially significant behavior and for developing technology of behaviour change 6 components: 1. Guided by attitudes and methods of scientific inquiry 2. All behaviour change procedures are described and implemented in a systematic, technological manner 3. Not any means of changing behaviour qualifies as aba 4. Focus is socially significant behaviour 5and 6: improvement and understanding 56) science - answer systematic approach for seeking and organizing knowledge about the natural world that relies of determinism as its fundamental assumption, empiricism as its prime directive, experimentation as its basic strategy, replication as its necessary requirement for believability, parsimony as its conservative value, and philosophic doubt as its guiding conscience Not one universally accepted definition -goal: achieve a thorough understanding of the phenomena of the study (socially important behaviours) -3 levels of understanding: description, prediction, control 57) description - answer collection of facts about observed events that can be quantified, classified, and examined for possible relations with other known facts 58) prediction - answer repeated observations reveal that two events consistently covary with each other -presence of one event, the other occurs (or doesn't) with some specified probability -correlation: systematic covariation between two events 59) control - answer -functional relation: exists when a well-controlled experiment revelas txt a specific change in one event (dependent variable)can reliably be produced by specific manipulations of another recent (independent variable), and the change in the dependent variable was unlikely to be the result of other extra factors (confounding) 60) attitudes of science - answer -determinism, empiricism, experimentation, replication, parsimony, philosophic doubt 61) determinism - answer scientist presume that the universe, or at least the part of it they intend to probe with the methods of science, is a lawful and orderly place in which all phenomena occur as a realist of other events -events don't just occur, they are somehow related in systematic ways to other factors (antonym- accidentalism) -scientist first assumes lawfulness and then proceeds to look for lawful relations 62) empiricism - answer the practice of objective observation of the phenomena of interest -demands objective observation based on thorough description, systematic and repeated measurement, and precise qualification of the phenomena of interest 63) experimentation - answer carefully conducted comparison of some measure of the phenomenon of interest (depended variable) under two or more different conditions in which only one factor at a time (independent) differs from one condition to another Basic strategy of most sciences -factors suspected of having causal status are systematically controlled and manipulated while the effects on the event under the study are carefully observed 64) replication - answer repeating of experiments -primary method with which scientists determine the reliability and usefulness of their findings and discover their mistakes -primary reason science is self-correcting enterprise that eventually gets it right 65) parsimony - answer requires that all simple, logical explanations for the phenomenon under investigation be rules out, experimentally or conceptually, before more complex or abstract explanations are considered - help scientist fit their findings wishing the fields existing knowledge base - given a choice between two compering and compelling explanations for the same phenomenon, one should shave off extraneous variables and choose the simplest explanation, the one that requires the fewest assumptions 66) philosophic doubt - answer needs scientist to continually question the truthfulness of what is regarded as fact - scientific knowledge always viewed as tentative - require scientific evidence before implementing a new practice and evaluate continually the effectiveness once the practice is implemented 67) three major branches of behavioural analyst - answer behaviourism: philosophy of the science of behaviour Basic research: provide of the experimental analysis of behaviour (eab) Concern of applied behavioural analysis: developing a technology for improving behaviour