HES 305 FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT AND
VERIFIED RESPONCES
Module v1.1
LOs: vDescribe vthe vanatomy vof vthe vrespiratory vsystem v- vCORRECT✅✅The
vrespiratory vsystem vconsists vof vthe vupper vrespiratory vtract vand vthe vlower
vrespiratory vtract.
Upper vrespiratory vtract: vIncludes vthe vnose, vnasal vcavity, vsinuses, vand vpharynx,
vwhich vfilter, vwarm, vand vhumidify vair.
Lower vrespiratory vtract: vComprises vthe vlarynx, vtrachea, vbronchi, vbronchioles, vand
vlungs. vThe vlungs vcontain valveoli, vwhere vgas vexchange voccurs vbetween vair vand
vblood vthrough vcapillaries.
The vdiaphragm vand vintercostal vmuscles vsupport vbreathing vby vcreating vpressure
vchanges vthat vmove vair vin vand vout vof vthe vlungs.
Module v1.1
LOs: vExplain vwhat vthe vdead vspace vis v- vCORRECT✅✅Dead vspace vrefers vto
vareas vin vthe vrespiratory vsystem vwhere vair vis vpresent vbut vdoes vnot vparticipate vin
vgas vexchange. vIt vincludes:
Anatomical vdead vspace: vAir vin vthe vconducting vairways v(nose, vtrachea, vbronchi)
vthat vnever vreaches vthe valveoli.
Alveolar vdead vspace: vAir vin valveoli vthat vare vventilated vbut vnot vperfused vwith vblood.
Together, vthese vmake vup vthe vphysiological vdead vspace, vwhich vis vthe vtotal vvolume
vof vnon-exchanging vair.
Module v1.1
LOs: vDistinguish vbetween vinternal vand vexternal vrespiration v-
vCORRECT✅✅External vrespiration vis vthe vexchange vof vgases vbetween vthe vlungs
vand vthe vblood, vwhere voxygen venters vthe vblood, vand vcarbon vdioxide vis vremoved.
Internal vrespiration vis vthe vexchange vof vgases vbetween vthe vblood vand vbody
vtissues, vwhere voxygen vis vdelivered vto vthe vcells, vand vcarbon vdioxide vis vpicked vup
vfor vremoval.
Module v1.2
LOs: vExplain vhow vpressure vgradients vaffect vinspiration/expiration v-
vCORRECT✅✅During vinspiration, vthe vdiaphragm vand vintercostal vmuscles
,vcontract, vincreasing vthoracic vcavity vvolume vand vdecreasing vpressure vin vthe vlungs
vbelow vatmospheric vpressure, vcausing vair vto vflow vin.
During vexpiration, vthese vmuscles vrelax, vreducing vthoracic vcavity vvolume vand
vincreasing vlung vpressure vabove vatmospheric vpressure, vpushing vair vout.
Module v1.2
LOs: vDescribe vthe vmeasures vof vlung vcapacity vand vvolume v- vCORRECT✅✅Lung
vcapacity vand vvolume vmeasurements vinclude:
Tidal vVolume v(TV): vThe vamount vof vair vinhaled vor vexhaled vduring vnormal vbreathing.
Inspiratory vReserve vVolume v(IRV): vThe vadditional vair vthat vcan vbe vinhaled vafter va
vnormal vinspiration.
Expiratory vReserve vVolume v(ERV): vThe vadditional vair vthat vcan vbe vexhaled vafter va
vnormal vexpiration.
Residual vVolume v(RV): vThe vair vremaining vin vthe vlungs vafter va vmaximal vexhalation.
Vital vCapacity v(VC): vThe vtotal vair vexhaled vafter va vmaximal vinhalation v(TV v+ vIRV v+
vERV).
Total vLung vCapacity v(TLC): vThe vtotal vair vthe vlungs vcan vhold v(VC v+ vRV).
Module v1.2
LOs: vDescribe vthe vdifferent vtypes vof vventilation v- vCORRECT✅✅The vtypes vof
vventilation vare:
Pulmonary vVentilation: vThe vmovement vof vair vin vand vout vof vthe vlungs v(breathing).
Alveolar vVentilation: vThe vvolume vof vair vthat vreaches vthe valveoli vfor vgas vexchange.
Dead vSpace vVentilation: vThe vair vthat vfills vthe vconducting vairways vbut vdoes vnot
vparticipate vin vgas vexchange.
Module v1.2 v
LOs: vUnderstand vthe vfactors vthat vaffect vventilation v- vCORRECT✅✅Factors
vaffecting vventilation vinclude:
Lung vCompliance: vThe vease vwith vwhich vlungs vexpand.
Airway vResistance: vObstructions vor vnarrowing vof vairways vincrease vresistance.
Respiratory vMuscle vStrength: vDetermines vthe vability vto vinhale vand vexhale
veffectively.
,Alveolar vSurface vTension: vReduced vby vsurfactant vto vprevent valveolar vcollapse.
Neural vControl: vRegulated vby vthe vbrainstem v(medulla vand vpons).
Chemical vFactors: vCO2, vO2, vand vpH vlevels vinfluence vbreathing vrate vand vdepth.
Why vdoes vthe vincrease vin vtranspulmonary vpressure vresult vin van vincreased valveolar
vvolume?
A. vBecause vintra-alveolar vpressure vincreases v
B. vBecause vit vis vdue vto va vrelaxation vof vthe vexpiratory vmuscles, vand vso vthe vlungs
vexpand v
C. vBecause vit vis vdue vto va vdecrease vin vintrapleural vpressure, vthat vallows vthe vlungs
vto vexpand v- vCORRECT✅✅Answer: vC. vBecause vit vis vdue vto va vdecrease vin
vintrapleural vpressure, vthat vallows vthe vlungs vto vexpand
When vdoes vinspiration vstop?
A. vWhen vthe vintra-alveolar vpressure vexceeds vthe vatmospheric vpressure
B. vWhen vthe vintra-alveolar vpressure vequals vthe vatmospheric vpressure
C. vWhen vthe vexpiratory vmuscles vcontract v- vCORRECT✅✅Answer: vB. vWhen vthe
vintra-alveolar vpressure vequals vthe vatmospheric vpressure
Why vdoes vintra-alveolar vpressure vincrease?
A. vBecause vthe vchest vwall vrecoils vand vthus vlung vvolume vdecreases v
B. vIt vonly vincreases vif vthe vexpiratory vmuscles vcontract
C. vBecause vthe vdiaphragm vcontracts v- vCORRECT✅✅Answer: vA. vBecause vthe
vchest vwall vrecoils vand vthus vlung vvolume vdecreases
When vdoes vexpiration vbegin?
A. vWhen vthe vintra-alveolar vpressure vexceeds vthe vatmospheric vpressure
B. vWhen vthe vintra-alveolar vpressure vequals vthe vatmospheric vpressure
C. vWhen vthe vexpiratory vmuscles vcontract v- vCORRECT✅✅Answer: vA. vWhen vthe
vintra-alveolar vpressure vexceeds vthe vatmospheric vpressure
, When vall vmuscles vof vrespiration vare vrelaxed vand valveolar vpressure vis vzero, vlung
vvolume vis vequal vto: v
A. vResidual vvolume v
B. vVital vcapacity v
C. vFunctional vResidual vcapacity v
D. vTidal vvolume v
E. vLung vvolume vcapacity v- vCORRECT✅✅Answer: vC. vFunctional vResidual
vcapacity
Which vof vthe vfollowing vfactors vdecreases vairway vresistance?
A. vActivation vof vthe vparasympathetic vnervous vsystem v
B. vEpinephrine v
C. vHistamine v- vCORRECT✅✅Answer: vB. vEpinephrine
Why vabove van vintensity vthreshold v(60-70% vVT) vdoes vVE vkeep vincreasing
vregardless vof vVO2?
A. vbecause vVe vis vnever vrelated vto vVO2
B. vBecause van vincreased vVe vis vneeded vto vbuffer vthe vincrease vVCO2 vduring
vexercise v
C. vBecause vduring vexercise vbreathing vfrequency vis vincreased vregardless vof vVCO2
v- vCORRECT✅✅Answer: vB. vBecause van vincreased vVe vis vneeded vto vbuffer vthe
vincrease vVCO2 vduring vexercise
Module v1.3
LOs: vExplain vhow vO2 vand vCO2 vare vtransported vin vthe vbody? v-
vCORRECT✅✅Oxygen v(O₂) vis vprimarily vtransported vbound vto vhemoglobin vin vred
vblood vcells v(about v98%) vand va vsmall vamount vdissolved vin vplasma v(about v2%).
Carbon vdioxide v(CO₂) vis vtransported vin vthree vways: vas vbicarbonate vions v(about
v70%), vbound vto vhemoglobin vas vcarbaminohemoglobin v(about v20%), vand vdissolved
vin vplasma v(about v10%).
Module v1.3
LOs: vDescribe vhow vbreathing vis vregulated vat vrest vand vduring vexercise v-
vCORRECT✅✅At vRest: vBreathing vis vregulated vby vthe vmedulla vand vpons vin vthe
VERIFIED RESPONCES
Module v1.1
LOs: vDescribe vthe vanatomy vof vthe vrespiratory vsystem v- vCORRECT✅✅The
vrespiratory vsystem vconsists vof vthe vupper vrespiratory vtract vand vthe vlower
vrespiratory vtract.
Upper vrespiratory vtract: vIncludes vthe vnose, vnasal vcavity, vsinuses, vand vpharynx,
vwhich vfilter, vwarm, vand vhumidify vair.
Lower vrespiratory vtract: vComprises vthe vlarynx, vtrachea, vbronchi, vbronchioles, vand
vlungs. vThe vlungs vcontain valveoli, vwhere vgas vexchange voccurs vbetween vair vand
vblood vthrough vcapillaries.
The vdiaphragm vand vintercostal vmuscles vsupport vbreathing vby vcreating vpressure
vchanges vthat vmove vair vin vand vout vof vthe vlungs.
Module v1.1
LOs: vExplain vwhat vthe vdead vspace vis v- vCORRECT✅✅Dead vspace vrefers vto
vareas vin vthe vrespiratory vsystem vwhere vair vis vpresent vbut vdoes vnot vparticipate vin
vgas vexchange. vIt vincludes:
Anatomical vdead vspace: vAir vin vthe vconducting vairways v(nose, vtrachea, vbronchi)
vthat vnever vreaches vthe valveoli.
Alveolar vdead vspace: vAir vin valveoli vthat vare vventilated vbut vnot vperfused vwith vblood.
Together, vthese vmake vup vthe vphysiological vdead vspace, vwhich vis vthe vtotal vvolume
vof vnon-exchanging vair.
Module v1.1
LOs: vDistinguish vbetween vinternal vand vexternal vrespiration v-
vCORRECT✅✅External vrespiration vis vthe vexchange vof vgases vbetween vthe vlungs
vand vthe vblood, vwhere voxygen venters vthe vblood, vand vcarbon vdioxide vis vremoved.
Internal vrespiration vis vthe vexchange vof vgases vbetween vthe vblood vand vbody
vtissues, vwhere voxygen vis vdelivered vto vthe vcells, vand vcarbon vdioxide vis vpicked vup
vfor vremoval.
Module v1.2
LOs: vExplain vhow vpressure vgradients vaffect vinspiration/expiration v-
vCORRECT✅✅During vinspiration, vthe vdiaphragm vand vintercostal vmuscles
,vcontract, vincreasing vthoracic vcavity vvolume vand vdecreasing vpressure vin vthe vlungs
vbelow vatmospheric vpressure, vcausing vair vto vflow vin.
During vexpiration, vthese vmuscles vrelax, vreducing vthoracic vcavity vvolume vand
vincreasing vlung vpressure vabove vatmospheric vpressure, vpushing vair vout.
Module v1.2
LOs: vDescribe vthe vmeasures vof vlung vcapacity vand vvolume v- vCORRECT✅✅Lung
vcapacity vand vvolume vmeasurements vinclude:
Tidal vVolume v(TV): vThe vamount vof vair vinhaled vor vexhaled vduring vnormal vbreathing.
Inspiratory vReserve vVolume v(IRV): vThe vadditional vair vthat vcan vbe vinhaled vafter va
vnormal vinspiration.
Expiratory vReserve vVolume v(ERV): vThe vadditional vair vthat vcan vbe vexhaled vafter va
vnormal vexpiration.
Residual vVolume v(RV): vThe vair vremaining vin vthe vlungs vafter va vmaximal vexhalation.
Vital vCapacity v(VC): vThe vtotal vair vexhaled vafter va vmaximal vinhalation v(TV v+ vIRV v+
vERV).
Total vLung vCapacity v(TLC): vThe vtotal vair vthe vlungs vcan vhold v(VC v+ vRV).
Module v1.2
LOs: vDescribe vthe vdifferent vtypes vof vventilation v- vCORRECT✅✅The vtypes vof
vventilation vare:
Pulmonary vVentilation: vThe vmovement vof vair vin vand vout vof vthe vlungs v(breathing).
Alveolar vVentilation: vThe vvolume vof vair vthat vreaches vthe valveoli vfor vgas vexchange.
Dead vSpace vVentilation: vThe vair vthat vfills vthe vconducting vairways vbut vdoes vnot
vparticipate vin vgas vexchange.
Module v1.2 v
LOs: vUnderstand vthe vfactors vthat vaffect vventilation v- vCORRECT✅✅Factors
vaffecting vventilation vinclude:
Lung vCompliance: vThe vease vwith vwhich vlungs vexpand.
Airway vResistance: vObstructions vor vnarrowing vof vairways vincrease vresistance.
Respiratory vMuscle vStrength: vDetermines vthe vability vto vinhale vand vexhale
veffectively.
,Alveolar vSurface vTension: vReduced vby vsurfactant vto vprevent valveolar vcollapse.
Neural vControl: vRegulated vby vthe vbrainstem v(medulla vand vpons).
Chemical vFactors: vCO2, vO2, vand vpH vlevels vinfluence vbreathing vrate vand vdepth.
Why vdoes vthe vincrease vin vtranspulmonary vpressure vresult vin van vincreased valveolar
vvolume?
A. vBecause vintra-alveolar vpressure vincreases v
B. vBecause vit vis vdue vto va vrelaxation vof vthe vexpiratory vmuscles, vand vso vthe vlungs
vexpand v
C. vBecause vit vis vdue vto va vdecrease vin vintrapleural vpressure, vthat vallows vthe vlungs
vto vexpand v- vCORRECT✅✅Answer: vC. vBecause vit vis vdue vto va vdecrease vin
vintrapleural vpressure, vthat vallows vthe vlungs vto vexpand
When vdoes vinspiration vstop?
A. vWhen vthe vintra-alveolar vpressure vexceeds vthe vatmospheric vpressure
B. vWhen vthe vintra-alveolar vpressure vequals vthe vatmospheric vpressure
C. vWhen vthe vexpiratory vmuscles vcontract v- vCORRECT✅✅Answer: vB. vWhen vthe
vintra-alveolar vpressure vequals vthe vatmospheric vpressure
Why vdoes vintra-alveolar vpressure vincrease?
A. vBecause vthe vchest vwall vrecoils vand vthus vlung vvolume vdecreases v
B. vIt vonly vincreases vif vthe vexpiratory vmuscles vcontract
C. vBecause vthe vdiaphragm vcontracts v- vCORRECT✅✅Answer: vA. vBecause vthe
vchest vwall vrecoils vand vthus vlung vvolume vdecreases
When vdoes vexpiration vbegin?
A. vWhen vthe vintra-alveolar vpressure vexceeds vthe vatmospheric vpressure
B. vWhen vthe vintra-alveolar vpressure vequals vthe vatmospheric vpressure
C. vWhen vthe vexpiratory vmuscles vcontract v- vCORRECT✅✅Answer: vA. vWhen vthe
vintra-alveolar vpressure vexceeds vthe vatmospheric vpressure
, When vall vmuscles vof vrespiration vare vrelaxed vand valveolar vpressure vis vzero, vlung
vvolume vis vequal vto: v
A. vResidual vvolume v
B. vVital vcapacity v
C. vFunctional vResidual vcapacity v
D. vTidal vvolume v
E. vLung vvolume vcapacity v- vCORRECT✅✅Answer: vC. vFunctional vResidual
vcapacity
Which vof vthe vfollowing vfactors vdecreases vairway vresistance?
A. vActivation vof vthe vparasympathetic vnervous vsystem v
B. vEpinephrine v
C. vHistamine v- vCORRECT✅✅Answer: vB. vEpinephrine
Why vabove van vintensity vthreshold v(60-70% vVT) vdoes vVE vkeep vincreasing
vregardless vof vVO2?
A. vbecause vVe vis vnever vrelated vto vVO2
B. vBecause van vincreased vVe vis vneeded vto vbuffer vthe vincrease vVCO2 vduring
vexercise v
C. vBecause vduring vexercise vbreathing vfrequency vis vincreased vregardless vof vVCO2
v- vCORRECT✅✅Answer: vB. vBecause van vincreased vVe vis vneeded vto vbuffer vthe
vincrease vVCO2 vduring vexercise
Module v1.3
LOs: vExplain vhow vO2 vand vCO2 vare vtransported vin vthe vbody? v-
vCORRECT✅✅Oxygen v(O₂) vis vprimarily vtransported vbound vto vhemoglobin vin vred
vblood vcells v(about v98%) vand va vsmall vamount vdissolved vin vplasma v(about v2%).
Carbon vdioxide v(CO₂) vis vtransported vin vthree vways: vas vbicarbonate vions v(about
v70%), vbound vto vhemoglobin vas vcarbaminohemoglobin v(about v20%), vand vdissolved
vin vplasma v(about v10%).
Module v1.3
LOs: vDescribe vhow vbreathing vis vregulated vat vrest vand vduring vexercise v-
vCORRECT✅✅At vRest: vBreathing vis vregulated vby vthe vmedulla vand vpons vin vthe
