CEN Cardiovascular Emergencies LATEST VERSION QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH STUDY GUIDE DETAILED AND VERIFIED FOR
GUARANTEED PASS, LATEST UPDATE 2025
1. SNS stimulation stress, anxiety, acute pain, catecholamines, hypotension, +chronotropic drugs
2. PNS effect on HR Decreases HR
3. PNS stimulation vagus nerve, cardiac conduction abnormalities, drugs with -chronotropic ettect
4. stroke volume amount of blood ejected from each ventricle per contraction, mm/beat
positively influenced by preload and contractility (strength)
5. contractility strength of each myocardial contraction, contributes to cardiac output
6. preload volume of blood results in pressure or strength during diastole, attected by
amount of venous return to heart
INCREASED by constriction
DECREASED by decreased volume, vasodilators
7. afterload resistance to ventricular emptying during systole
INCREASED with construction or obstruction of flow
DECREASED with hyperthermia, distributive shocks, vasodilators
8. Toddler HR 80-130 bpm
9. School age HR 75-100 bpm
10. Infant HR 80-160 bpm
11. Neonate HR 70-170 bpm
12. Child BP older SBP = (agex2) + 90
than 1 year
, CEN Cardiovascular Emergencies LATEST VERSION QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH STUDY GUIDE DETAILED AND VERIFIED FOR
GUARANTEED PASS, LATEST UPDATE 2025
13. BP 0-1 month above 60 mmHg
14. BP 1-12 month above 70 mmHg
15. Mean arterial average pressure over entire cardiac cycle
pressure
16. Pulse pressure ditterence between systolic and diastolic
17. Low pulse pres- decreased left ventricular stroke volume, blood loss due to trauma, low stroke
sure (narrowing) volume (shock, tamponade)
18. High pulse pres- can be transient and normal, chronic conditions (atherosclerosis), aortic dissec-
sure (widening) tion, endocarditis, anxiety, fever
19. Cushings triad ICP!
widening pulse pressure (or hypertension)
bradycardia
irregular breathing patterns
20. chronotropes drugs that attect the HR, at SA node
adrenaline (positive), digoxin (negative)
21. Inotropes Drugs that attect contractility, force of contraction of the heart.
22. Dromotropes drugs that attect automaticity (electrical impulse velocity) of the heart at the AV
node
23. Alpha (1) stim- peripheral vascular CONSTRICTION
ulation causes
24. bronchial smooth muscle DILATION
, CEN Cardiovascular Emergencies LATEST VERSION QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH STUDY GUIDE DETAILED AND VERIFIED FOR
GUARANTEED PASS, LATEST UPDATE 2025
Beta (2) stim-
ulation causes
25. Vasodilators ACE inhibitors (-prils), Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs, -sartans), Calcium
channel blockers (-dipine), beta-blockers (-lol)
26. Angiotensin-con- reduces blood pressure in HTN, reduces after load associated with HF
verting enzyme decreases preload and after load by vasodilation and diuresis
inhibitors (aka Sx: dry cough, rash, renal impairment
ACE) (-pril)
27. Angiotensin re- vasodilation and decreased aldosterone levels, increases sodium and sparing of
ceptor blockers K+; HTN and HF
(ARBs) (-sartan) Sx: hypo-t, dizziness, h/a, hyper-K
28. calcium channel negative inotropic (reduces contractility), chronotropic (reduces HR), dromotropic
blockers (-dipine) (reduces impulse) ettects
29. beta blockers negative inotropic (reduces contractility), chronotropic (reduces HR), dromotropic
(-lol) (reduces impulse) ettects
works on beta receptors
30. B1 blockers af- in the heart
fect: Decrease HR
Decrease contractility
Decrease BP
... also work with kidneys to reduce BP through RAAS system
31. B2 blockers af- in the lungs
fect: bronchial smooth muscle relaxation
dilation of airways
32. Nicardipine
ANSWERS WITH STUDY GUIDE DETAILED AND VERIFIED FOR
GUARANTEED PASS, LATEST UPDATE 2025
1. SNS stimulation stress, anxiety, acute pain, catecholamines, hypotension, +chronotropic drugs
2. PNS effect on HR Decreases HR
3. PNS stimulation vagus nerve, cardiac conduction abnormalities, drugs with -chronotropic ettect
4. stroke volume amount of blood ejected from each ventricle per contraction, mm/beat
positively influenced by preload and contractility (strength)
5. contractility strength of each myocardial contraction, contributes to cardiac output
6. preload volume of blood results in pressure or strength during diastole, attected by
amount of venous return to heart
INCREASED by constriction
DECREASED by decreased volume, vasodilators
7. afterload resistance to ventricular emptying during systole
INCREASED with construction or obstruction of flow
DECREASED with hyperthermia, distributive shocks, vasodilators
8. Toddler HR 80-130 bpm
9. School age HR 75-100 bpm
10. Infant HR 80-160 bpm
11. Neonate HR 70-170 bpm
12. Child BP older SBP = (agex2) + 90
than 1 year
, CEN Cardiovascular Emergencies LATEST VERSION QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH STUDY GUIDE DETAILED AND VERIFIED FOR
GUARANTEED PASS, LATEST UPDATE 2025
13. BP 0-1 month above 60 mmHg
14. BP 1-12 month above 70 mmHg
15. Mean arterial average pressure over entire cardiac cycle
pressure
16. Pulse pressure ditterence between systolic and diastolic
17. Low pulse pres- decreased left ventricular stroke volume, blood loss due to trauma, low stroke
sure (narrowing) volume (shock, tamponade)
18. High pulse pres- can be transient and normal, chronic conditions (atherosclerosis), aortic dissec-
sure (widening) tion, endocarditis, anxiety, fever
19. Cushings triad ICP!
widening pulse pressure (or hypertension)
bradycardia
irregular breathing patterns
20. chronotropes drugs that attect the HR, at SA node
adrenaline (positive), digoxin (negative)
21. Inotropes Drugs that attect contractility, force of contraction of the heart.
22. Dromotropes drugs that attect automaticity (electrical impulse velocity) of the heart at the AV
node
23. Alpha (1) stim- peripheral vascular CONSTRICTION
ulation causes
24. bronchial smooth muscle DILATION
, CEN Cardiovascular Emergencies LATEST VERSION QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH STUDY GUIDE DETAILED AND VERIFIED FOR
GUARANTEED PASS, LATEST UPDATE 2025
Beta (2) stim-
ulation causes
25. Vasodilators ACE inhibitors (-prils), Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs, -sartans), Calcium
channel blockers (-dipine), beta-blockers (-lol)
26. Angiotensin-con- reduces blood pressure in HTN, reduces after load associated with HF
verting enzyme decreases preload and after load by vasodilation and diuresis
inhibitors (aka Sx: dry cough, rash, renal impairment
ACE) (-pril)
27. Angiotensin re- vasodilation and decreased aldosterone levels, increases sodium and sparing of
ceptor blockers K+; HTN and HF
(ARBs) (-sartan) Sx: hypo-t, dizziness, h/a, hyper-K
28. calcium channel negative inotropic (reduces contractility), chronotropic (reduces HR), dromotropic
blockers (-dipine) (reduces impulse) ettects
29. beta blockers negative inotropic (reduces contractility), chronotropic (reduces HR), dromotropic
(-lol) (reduces impulse) ettects
works on beta receptors
30. B1 blockers af- in the heart
fect: Decrease HR
Decrease contractility
Decrease BP
... also work with kidneys to reduce BP through RAAS system
31. B2 blockers af- in the lungs
fect: bronchial smooth muscle relaxation
dilation of airways
32. Nicardipine
