CEN Cardiovascular Emergencies LATEST VERSION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
STUDY GUIDE DETAILED AND VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PASS, LATEST UPDATE 2025
1. Pediatric Tachycardia is the primary compensatory mechanism for low cardiac output in
patients since they are unable to increase their stroke volume.
2. hypotension, is a late sign and is an ominous sign of low CO
bradycardia in pediatrics.
3. Stroke Volume this is influenced by contractility, preload and after load
4. preload (evaluat- Central venous pressure on the right.
ed by)
5. afterload (evalu- systemic vascular resistance
ated by)
6. preload (de- hypovolemia, vasodilators (think nitro, morphine)
creased when)
7. preload (in- volume and vasoconstrictors (think epi, norepi)
creased when)
8. preload (treat- increase with fluids, blood
ment) decrease with diuretics (lasix)
9. afterload (de- in distributive shock (neurogenic, septic, anaphylactic) and vasodilators (nitro)
creased when)
10. afterload (treat- Decreased: vasopressors (norepi)
ment) Increased: in hypertension, aortic stenosis, and other shock compensation. Nitro
11. sympathetic ner- stimulation of this causes release of catecholamines epinephrine, norepineph-
vous system rine which INCREASES HR in response to shock. Adrenal glands releases these,
increasing blood sugar through glycogenolysis.
, CEN Cardiovascular Emergencies LATEST VERSION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
STUDY GUIDE DETAILED AND VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PASS, LATEST UPDATE 2025
12. Adrenal glands release catecholamines like epi and norepi
13. parasympathetic stimulation decreases HR, like a vagal response and also seen in neurogenic
nervous system shock, which is blocked SNS, unopposed PNS
14. (2x DBP) + SBP / 3 MAP
15. pulse pressure ditterence between systolic and diastolic pressure
16. narrowed Pulse seen in......
Pressure early shock
cardiac tamponade
17. widened pulse seen in...
pressure increased ICP
18. cushing's triad indicative of increased ICP
WIDE PP
Irregular RR
Bradycardia
19. Chronotropes attect HR at SA node
*Cardizem = a negative one of these
20. Inotropes attect contractility (force of contraction
*Dopamine and dobutamine are positive these
21. Dromotropes attect automaticity (electrical impulse) at the AV node
22. Beta Blockers olol's
May mask signs of shock and hypoglycemia
1: heart
2: heart and lungs
, CEN Cardiovascular Emergencies LATEST VERSION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
STUDY GUIDE DETAILED AND VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PASS, LATEST UPDATE 2025
23. ACE inhibitors attect RAAS, blocks conversion of AT 1 to AT2
ex. lisinopril, lotensin, vasotec
AE: dry cough, angioedema
24. ARBs sartans Avapro, cozaar, diovan
inhibits AT2 receptors, resulting in vasodilation and lower BP
25. Calcium Channel Cardizem, controls rate in AFib and HTN,
Blockers Norvasc
Nifedipinie
26. Vasodilators Nitro
Nitroprusside
27. Nitroglycerin coronary and pulmonary artery vasodilator that reduces PRELOAD, AFTERLOAD, BP
and O2 consumption.
Don't use within 24 hours of phosphodiesterase inhibitors (Viagra, Cialis, Levit-
ra-"fils" )
28. Nitroprusside Strong preload and afterload reduction in hypertensive crisis
29. Vasopressors Epi, Norepi (levophed, phenylephrine.
Vasopressin augments primary pressors.
Monitor for infiltration and extravasation- leading to tissue necrosis (CENTRAL
LINE)
30. phentolamine antidote for extravasation from vasopressors as it is a vasodilator.
(regitine) May also use NTG ointment.
31. Stable Angina chest pain that occurs with physical exertion, short duration,
pectoris *Relieved by rest or nitro.
NEGATIVE troponin
STUDY GUIDE DETAILED AND VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PASS, LATEST UPDATE 2025
1. Pediatric Tachycardia is the primary compensatory mechanism for low cardiac output in
patients since they are unable to increase their stroke volume.
2. hypotension, is a late sign and is an ominous sign of low CO
bradycardia in pediatrics.
3. Stroke Volume this is influenced by contractility, preload and after load
4. preload (evaluat- Central venous pressure on the right.
ed by)
5. afterload (evalu- systemic vascular resistance
ated by)
6. preload (de- hypovolemia, vasodilators (think nitro, morphine)
creased when)
7. preload (in- volume and vasoconstrictors (think epi, norepi)
creased when)
8. preload (treat- increase with fluids, blood
ment) decrease with diuretics (lasix)
9. afterload (de- in distributive shock (neurogenic, septic, anaphylactic) and vasodilators (nitro)
creased when)
10. afterload (treat- Decreased: vasopressors (norepi)
ment) Increased: in hypertension, aortic stenosis, and other shock compensation. Nitro
11. sympathetic ner- stimulation of this causes release of catecholamines epinephrine, norepineph-
vous system rine which INCREASES HR in response to shock. Adrenal glands releases these,
increasing blood sugar through glycogenolysis.
, CEN Cardiovascular Emergencies LATEST VERSION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
STUDY GUIDE DETAILED AND VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PASS, LATEST UPDATE 2025
12. Adrenal glands release catecholamines like epi and norepi
13. parasympathetic stimulation decreases HR, like a vagal response and also seen in neurogenic
nervous system shock, which is blocked SNS, unopposed PNS
14. (2x DBP) + SBP / 3 MAP
15. pulse pressure ditterence between systolic and diastolic pressure
16. narrowed Pulse seen in......
Pressure early shock
cardiac tamponade
17. widened pulse seen in...
pressure increased ICP
18. cushing's triad indicative of increased ICP
WIDE PP
Irregular RR
Bradycardia
19. Chronotropes attect HR at SA node
*Cardizem = a negative one of these
20. Inotropes attect contractility (force of contraction
*Dopamine and dobutamine are positive these
21. Dromotropes attect automaticity (electrical impulse) at the AV node
22. Beta Blockers olol's
May mask signs of shock and hypoglycemia
1: heart
2: heart and lungs
, CEN Cardiovascular Emergencies LATEST VERSION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
STUDY GUIDE DETAILED AND VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PASS, LATEST UPDATE 2025
23. ACE inhibitors attect RAAS, blocks conversion of AT 1 to AT2
ex. lisinopril, lotensin, vasotec
AE: dry cough, angioedema
24. ARBs sartans Avapro, cozaar, diovan
inhibits AT2 receptors, resulting in vasodilation and lower BP
25. Calcium Channel Cardizem, controls rate in AFib and HTN,
Blockers Norvasc
Nifedipinie
26. Vasodilators Nitro
Nitroprusside
27. Nitroglycerin coronary and pulmonary artery vasodilator that reduces PRELOAD, AFTERLOAD, BP
and O2 consumption.
Don't use within 24 hours of phosphodiesterase inhibitors (Viagra, Cialis, Levit-
ra-"fils" )
28. Nitroprusside Strong preload and afterload reduction in hypertensive crisis
29. Vasopressors Epi, Norepi (levophed, phenylephrine.
Vasopressin augments primary pressors.
Monitor for infiltration and extravasation- leading to tissue necrosis (CENTRAL
LINE)
30. phentolamine antidote for extravasation from vasopressors as it is a vasodilator.
(regitine) May also use NTG ointment.
31. Stable Angina chest pain that occurs with physical exertion, short duration,
pectoris *Relieved by rest or nitro.
NEGATIVE troponin
